相似环流背景下海南两次不同类型强对流天气对比研究

2016年6月5日和6日海南岛处在类似的环流背景下,5日海南出现了大范围8级以上阵风且伴有EF2级龙卷,而次日以短时强降水为主。为了研究两日产生不同类型强对流天气的原因,基于常规地面-高空观测、海南逐10 min的地面加密观测、海口多普勒雷达观测、NCEP-GFS 0.5°×0.5°分析资料进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)5日整层大气相对较干(可降水量为49 mm)且中层干层尤为清晰(700—500 hPa平均相对湿度41%),925—700 hPa温度垂直递减率为7.25℃/km,有利于产生强下沉气流及冷池形成,从而产生雷暴大风天气,而6日气层高湿,可降水量为60 mm,环境风弱,风暴移速慢,有利于产生强降水;(2)两日均属于弱的环境背景气流下的对流,相对而言,5日0—3 km风垂直切变均较6日大,有利于形成飑线;(3)结构分析表明5日对流风暴伴有较强阵风出流,较强的风垂直切变加之多个单体阵风出流合并抬升下,产生了持续1.5 h的飑线,并出现了弓形回波,而6日为低质心一般单体且阵风出流相对弱,尽管多个单体合并成了准线性的风暴,其持续时间亦与一般单体生命史相当;(4)5日对流抑制能量相对较大,需较强的地面辐合抬升和午后强烈升温触发雷暴,雷暴触发后强烈发展;6日对流抑制能量近乎为0,弱的海风锋辐合及热力作用均触发对流;(5)此次龙卷过程的风垂直切变与典型超级单体龙卷差异显著,产生龙卷的低层中气旋出现时间与龙卷发生时间仅差3 min,故提前预警龙卷的可能性极小。      

An Abrupt Change in Tropospheric Temperature Gradient and Moisture Transport Over East Asia in the Late 1990s

ABSTRACT

Previous studies have shown that the recent summer climate (precipitation in particular) over East Asia is varying significantly. Here we extend the study to April, May, and June (AMJ) or the seasonal transition period associated with the onset of the summer monsoon. It is found that the average 1000–400?hPa AMJ tropospheric temperature (TT) experienced a sudden change at the end of the twentieth century. The change has a dipolar modal structure, with one pole over countries in Central Asia (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.) and the other over the Tibetan Plateau. The difference in the TT between the centres of the two poles (?TT), which characterizes the zonal gradient of the TT over Asia, has seen a significant reduction since 1999. The causal relations of ?TT with the local circulation, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), surface shortwave flux (SSWF), precipitation, etc. have been investigated using a newly developed rigorous causality analysis, which unambiguously reveals a one-way causality from ?TT to each of OLR, SSWF, and precipitation.     

中国泛华北地区冷季高架对流特征气候统计分析

本文利用常规地面、高空、区域自动站观测资料、灾害性强对流天气监测记录资料以及NCEP分析数据,对2000—2015年泛华北地区(32.5°~53.5°N、105°~135°E)冷季(除6、7、8月以外)高架对流时空分布特征、锋面环境特征以及不稳定机制进行统计分析。研究发现,泛华北地区冷季高架对流多发生于河南中北部、山东西部及河北中南部。从季节分布来看,2和11月是冷季高架对流发生最多的月份,呈"双峰型"分布特征。冷锋是引发泛华北地区冷季高架对流的主要锋面系统,约占高架对流事件总数的60%。高架对流发生时常伴随有较强的冷垫及锋面逆温,有超过半数的高架对流发生在温差超过6℃的逆温层之上。逆温层顶高多位于850hPa之上甚至能达到700hPa。高架对流发生时多伴随有20~30m·s~(-1)的0~6km强垂直风切变,这一强斜压特征有利于条件对称不稳定及其导致的高架倾斜对流的发生。经过分类与统计发现,条件对称不稳定和弱条件稳定度或近湿中性大气层结下的锋生强迫引发的较强上升运动是造成华北冷季高架对流的主要不稳定机制。     

那曲市历年冰雹日数变化特征及冰雹、雷暴环境条件分析

利用那曲市7个国家气象观测站建站至2015年的冰雹日数资料,分析了那曲市冰雹日数时空分布特征及气候突变情况,并分析了2012—2016年色尼区单站冰雹日、雷雨日个例,揭示了色尼区冰雹、雷暴发生前的环境条件。结果表明:那曲市年平均冰雹日数呈减少趋势,减少趋势最明显的是申扎县,每10 a减少4. 9天,减少趋势最弱的为色尼区和班戈县,每10 a减少1. 9天,减少趋势均通过了0. 01的显著性检验;不同区域各代表站均显示减少趋势且出现突变现象;那曲市冰雹天气具有明显的季节特征,大多集中在6—9月;降雹时间多集中在14—20时,占全天的78%。对那曲市色尼区冰雹日和雷雨(无降雹)日个例分析表明,高原较强对流发生在0℃层高度低(多在1.5 km高度以下)、CAPE值小(多在500 J·kg~(-1)以下)、风垂直切变弱的环境下,与平原地区大冰雹环境差异显著,因而高原冰雹绝大部分为直径5 mm以下的小冰雹,严格意义上应称为霰;雷雨天气低层较雹日的更暖湿,其温度露点差略小于雹日的,露点比雹日的高,因而雹日抬升凝结高度高于雷雨日的。     

沂源土门岩溶发育机理与含水系统的水文地球化学特征

山东沂源土门岩溶含水系统,位于半干旱半湿润气候带。区内山青、水秀、洞密、林茂、古文化璀璨。别具特色的三水转化关系使区内大气降水、地表水、岩溶地下水的化学成分及空间变化颇具规律。来自岩溶含水系统边界以外变质岩分布区的外源水和大气降水渗入地下,对系统内的碳酸盐岩具有较强的溶蚀能力,当达到饱和甚至过饱和时又以泉水的形式溢出地表流出系统外。在漫长的地质岁月中,溶蚀—溢出—再溶蚀—再溢出,周而复始,于是形成了沂源土门别具一格的岩溶地貌景观。     

Effects of mineral-organic fertilizer on the biomass of green Chinese cabbage and potential carbon sequestration ability in karst areas of Southwest China

The karst mountain areas of Southwest China contain barren farmland soils and suffer from nutritional and water deficiencies that affect crop productivity. Hence,it is imperative to apply suitable fertilizers to restore soil fertility and maintain crop yield. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of mineral-organic fertilizer(MOF)made of potassic rock and organic waste on the growth of crops. For this purpose, green Chinese cabbage grown using three different fertilization methods including MOF,inorganic fertilizer(IF), and a control was evaluated. We determined soil water content, agronomic characteristics,and biomass of green Chinese cabbage in different treatments. Furthermore, surface runoff from the pot experiments and soil leachate from pot experiments were collected to determine water temperature, pH, and cation and anion concentrations. The results demonstrate thatMOF can improve the soil water-holding capacity of soil,and the basic agronomic characteristics of the cabbage treated with MOF were superior to those with IF. Using MOF can promote the increase in cabbage biomass.Additionally, the concentration of inorganic carbon(largely in the form of HCO_3^-) in surface runoff water treated by MOF was higher than the other treatments, establishing carbon sequestration potential. This work provides a novel and environmentally friendly fertilization pattern in karst areas, which will improve crop yield and also increase the carbon sequestration potential of crops.     

Development of a GIS-based catastrophe theory model (modified DRASTIC model) for groundwater vulnerability assessment

This study developed a new paradigm for groundwater vulnerability assessment by modifying the standard DRASTIC index (DI) model based on catastrophe theory. The developed paradigm was called the catastrophe theory-based DI (CDI) model. The proposed model was applied to assess groundwater vulnerability to pollution index (GVPI) in Perak Province, Malaysia. The area vulnerability index was modeled by considering the DRASTIC multiple vulnerability causative factors (VCFs) obtained from different data sources. The weights and ranking of the VCFs were computed by using the inner fuzzy membership mechanism of the CDI model. The estimated vulnerability index values of the CDI model were processed in a geographic information system (GIS) environment to produce a catastrophe theory–DRASTIC groundwater vulnerability to pollution index (CDGVPI) map, which demarcated the area into five vulnerability zones. The produced CDGVPI map was validated by applying the water quality status–vulnerability zone relationship (WVR) approach and the relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve method. The performance of the developed CDI model was compared with that of the standard DI model. The validation results of the WVR approach exhibits 89.29% prediction accuracy for the CDI model compared with 75% for the DI model. Meanwhile, the ROC validation results for the CDI and DI models are 88.8% and 78%, respectively. The GIS-based CDI model demonstrated better performance than the DI model. The GVPI maps produced in this study can be used for precise decision making process in environmental planning and groundwater management.     

中国大范围雷暴大风事件(Derechos)研究:时空分布、环境背景和对流系统形态特征

基于2002—2019年高空、地面常规观测资料,卫星云图,部分新一代天气雷达单站资料以及2009年以后的中国雷达拼图资料,采用个例筛选与统计、动态合成分析、层次聚类和雷达图分析等方法,对发生在中国的大范围雷暴大风事件(Derechos)的时空分布、环境背景和对流系统形态特征进行了分析.结果表明:(1)Derechos事...     

Revision of Handbook of Hydrogeology (2nd Edition)

Handbook of Hydrogeology is a professional reference book guiding the work and re-search of hydrogeology and providing enlightenment to hydrogeologists and those working in re-lated fields. This paper introduces the revision and enlargement of Handbook of Hydro-geology (2nd edition) on the basis of its first edition. It gives a brief account of the background, principles, and necessity of revising the handbook. The content, features and application of the handbook are also addressed.