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481.
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Although some scholars describe migrant farmers as ‘exceptional resource degraders’ others do not. This paper uses evidence from the transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana, to examine whether there are substantial differences between households of migrants and the host population regarding agricultural land use. The aim is to determine whether migrants are more destructive of the land (and hence the environment) than the host population. This will be examined using a standard model of the determinants of agricultural land use, to which we add variables representing demographic impacts, including in-migration. The data used are from a household survey undertaken in 2002 among 110 migrant and 142 host population farming households in central Ghana. Results are mixed. We find no support for the hypothesis that households with migrants are less likely to consider the long-term effects of land use by increasing the land area in cultivation, but at the same time there is evidence of use of more land-intensive agricultural practices which tend to degrade farm land over time. 相似文献
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Soil temperature records obtained from the active layer above permafrost at a site in northern Alaska during autumn and winter have variance spectra inconsistent with a purely conductive heat-transfer system. Although conductive heat-transfer theory predicts that temperature fluctuations are attenuated with depth, sub-diurnal thermal variance at the 50-cm level, near the base of the active layer, exceeded that at the 10-cm level. Short segments of the temperature record were drawn from three distinct periods of soil-frost conditions: (1) at the maximum vertical development of the active layer in early autumn; (2) during frost penetration and the formation of a zero curtain in early winter; and (3) after freezeback of the active layer. The variance spectra of these time series show systematic seasonal transitions that reflect changing mechanisms of heat transfer. During the first and second periods, heat transfer by internal evaporation and condensation dominates at wavelengths in the diurnal range. The spectral traces are not strongly self-similar and the fractal dimensions indicate extreme space-filling, especially at deeper levels. Once the active layer is frozen, conductive heat transfer dominates, producing a trend toward self-similarity. Both the thermal variance and the fractal dimension decrease with depth in the frozen regime. [Key words: Alaska, active layer, coupled flow, fractal dimension, frozen ground, heat transfer, permafrost, soil freezing, spectral analysis, zero curtain.] 相似文献
485.
Donna J. Peuquet Anthony C. Robinson Samuel Stehle Franklin A. Hardisty Wei Luo 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(9):1588-1611
Pattern analysis techniques currently common within geography tend to focus either on characterizing patterns of spatial and/or temporal recurrence of a single event type (e.g., incidence of flu cases) or on comparing sequences of a limited number of event types where relationships between events are already represented in the data (e.g., movement patterns). The availability of large amounts of multivariate spatiotemporal data, however, requires new methods for pattern analysis. Here, we present a technique for finding associations among many different event types where the associations among these varying event types are not explicitly represented in the data or known in advance. This pattern discovery method, known as T-pattern analysis, was first developed within the field of psychology for the purpose of finding patterns in personal interactions. We have adapted and extended the T-pattern method to take the unique characteristics of geographic data into account and implemented it within a geovisualization toolkit for an integrated computational-geovisual environment we call STempo. To demonstrate how T-pattern analysis can be employed in geographic research for discovering patterns in complex spatiotemporal data, we describe a case study featuring events from news reports about Yemen during the Arab Spring of 2011–2012. Using supplementary data from the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone, we briefly summarize and reference a separate validation study, then evaluate the scalability of the T-pattern approach. We conclude with ideas for further extensions of the T-pattern technique to increase its utility for spatiotemporal analysis. 相似文献
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488.
Marcelo Samuel Berman 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,310(3-4):205-207
We find a solution for exponential inflation in Brans–Dicke cosmology endowed with a cosmological term, which includes time-varying
shear and vorticity. We find that the scalar field and the scale factor increase exponentialy while shear, vorticity, energy
density, cosmic pressure and the cosmological term decay exponentialy for negative beta, where beta is defined in the text. 相似文献
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Supra-subduction and abyssal mantle peridotites of the Coast Range ophiolite,California 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Sung Hi Choi John W. Shervais Samuel B. Mukasa 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,156(5):551-576
The Coast Range ophiolite (CRO) of California is one of the most extensive tracts of oceanic crust preserved in the North
American Cordillera, but its origin has long remained controversial. We present here new data on mineral compositions in mantle
peridotites that underlie crustal sections of the ophiolite, and show that these are dominantly refractory harzburgites related
to high apparent melting in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) setting. Abyssal peridotite (characterized by high-Al spinels and
relatively high Ti, Na, Nd, Sm, Lu, and Hf in pyroxene) occurs at one location where it is associated with SSZ mantle peridotite
and volcanic rocks with both oceanic and arc-like geochemistry. SSZ mantle peridotites (characterized by intermediate-Cr/Al
or high-Cr spinels, and by extremely low Ti, Na, Nd, Sm, Lu, and Hf in pyroxenes) are associated with crustal sections containing
arc-related volcanic rocks, including boninites. This convergence between conclusions based on crustal lithologies and their
underlying mantle sections confirms previous proposals that link the CRO to SSZ processes, and seriously undermines hypotheses
that invoke formation of the ophiolite at a mid-ocean ridge spreading center. 相似文献