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51.
Basab Mukhopadhyay P. K. Mukherjee Debkumar Bhattacharya S. Sengupta 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(7):1009-1020
Groundwater extracted from shallow aquifers in the Bengal Delta is contaminated with arsenic. The fluviodeltaic process that
creates aquifers, ironically, extends its role to also contaminating them with arsenic. The arsenic distribution maps show
a spatial association of arsenic-contaminated wells with palaeo/cut-off/abandoned channels. Weight-on-evidences analysis indicates
that the zones of contamination occur around palaeo-channels within a corridor of 500–700 m that contains most of the contaminated
wells. These corridors are interpreted to be the zone of channel shifting. Contaminated wells represent point fractal geometry
that can be separated into isolated points and clusters. Clusters occur within the zone of channel shifting as obtained by
weight-on-evidences analysis. Isolated points occur within floodplain or back swamp areas. Clusters and isolated point fractals
are interpreted to reflect the process of arsenic release into groundwater. The migration of biomass within the permeable
sandy domain of channel deposits is proposed to be the predominant process in generating clusters. The isolated points represent
restricted biomass spreading in less permeable clay-silt dominated floodplains. 相似文献
52.
Phosphate sorption and desorption experiments were conducted with four ferruginous soils (alfisols) of Eastern India, in view of the low native phosphate concentrations in tropical Indian soils. From the P-isotherm curve, standard P requirement (SPR) of the soils was determined. Phosphate sorption data were fitted to both Langmuir and Freundlich equations and mean sorption maximum values obtained for the different soil series were in the decreasing order as Matimahal > Anandapur > Mrigindih > Kashipur. The fraction of added P sorbed followed the same trend as SPR, P sorption maximum (Pmax), phosphate affinity constant (K), maximum phosphate buffering capacity (MPBC), Freundlich constant K′ and phosphate desorption values. Phosphate sorption maximum was significantly correlated with MPBC, Freundlich 1/n, SPR, clay and different forms of Fe and Al. The value of K (bonding energy) was significantly correlated with MPBC, Freundlich K′ and pyrophosphate extractable Fe and Al. The MPBC was significantly correlated with Freundlich K′, Freundlich constant 1/n, clay, oxalate and dithionite extractable, amorphous and crystalline form of Fe and Al. Freundlich K′ was significantly correlated with Freundlich 1/n, pHwater, clay, dithionite extractable and crystalline form of Fe and Al. The results suggested that the soils having higher amount of extractable and reactive Fe and Al shared higher P sorbtion capacity and such soils may need higher levels of P application 相似文献
53.
Dipnarayan Ganguly Anirban Mukhopadhyay Rahul Krishna Pandey Debasish Mitra 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2006,34(4):431-435
Study of landforms in Sundarbans deltaic estuary is necessary in regular basis due to its importance and impact on ecology,
climate and economy. Remote sensing has proved as an important tool to study this. Multi-temporal satellite data helps to
delineate the various geomorphic classes in different time domain and also provide inputs to study the coastal erosion and
accretion. Finer spatial and better temporal resolution will be an added adventure for this kind of study. 相似文献
54.
An overview of the Tertiary geology and hydrogeology of the northern part of the Arabian Gulf region with special reference to Kuwait 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Tertiary sediments constitute the main source of usable groundwater in Kuwait. Tectonics, depositional environment, lithology and the hydrogeology of these sediments have been reviewed on a regional scale, with special reference to Kuwait. The review showed that Kuwait was situated at the boundary of the stable shelf towards southwest and the unstable shelf towards northeast throughout the Tertiary period. The Tertiary sedimentation started in this area with a marine transgression in the Palaeocene. Shallow marine to sabkha conditions prevailed in the area until the end of the Eocene; a carbonate-evaporite sequence (Umm Er-Radhuma, Rus and Dammam Formation) was deposited during this period. The sea regressed at the end of Eocene, and a widespread unconformity, causing the absence of Oligocene deposits over most of the area, marked the event. The karstification of the Dammam Limestone Formation, that provides localized easier pathways for ground water, took place during this period. The deposition of the clastic sediments of the Kuwait Group and its equivalents on the stable shelf, under mostly continental conditions, started in the early Miocene. The Tertiary aquifers of the area are recharged by occasional rainstorms in the outcrops of Saudi Arabia and Iraq. The water flows towards the north and east in the direction of the regional dip and discharges along the present-day coast of the Gulf. The water quality deteriorates in the same direction, being more mineralized as it flows through the aquifers. The aquifers are presently being exploited at a comparatively high rate. Since the aquifers extend beyond the political boundaries, cooperation among the countries of the region is recommended to ensure the optimum utilization of the scarce water resources of this desert environment. 相似文献
55.
Structures of four generations are decipherable both in the pre-Delhi rocks of central Rajasthan, and in the Delhi rocks of Khetri in northeastern Rajasthan and around Todgarh in central Rajasthan. There is a remarkable identity in the later phases of the deformational history of the two groups, with gravity-induced structures followed by conjugate folds due to longitudinal shortening (N-S in northeastern Rajasthan and NE-SW in central Rajasthan). The earlier stages of the structural history of the two groups are, however, significantly different. The E-W-trending reclined folds of the first generation in the pre-Delhi rocks are absent in the Delhi rocks throughout Rajasthan. The NNE- to NE-trending folds of the second generation in the pre-Delhi groups are upright, whereas these structures in the Delhi rocks are of two phases—recumbent folds, followed by coaxial upright folds. The folds of the first and the second phases in the Delhi rocks plunge gently NE or SW where they are not affected by subsequent deformations. But the NE-trending folds in the pre-Delhi rocks show an extreme variation in axial plunge from horizontal to vertical, even where they are unaffected by later movements. Evidence has been adduced to suggest that these differences in the earlier phases of the structural evolution of the two groups are due to an angular unconformity between the Delhi and the pre-Delhi rocks. 相似文献
56.
Paula M. Davidson Dilip K. Mukhopadhyay 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1984,86(3):256-263
Reversed phase equilibrium experiments in the system (Ca, Mg, Fe)2SiO4 provide four tielines at P?1 bar and 1 kbar and 800° C–1,100° C. These tielines have been used to model the solution properties of the olivine quadrilateral following the methods described by Davidson et al. (1981) for quadrilateral clinopyroxenes. The discrepancy between the calculated phase relations and the experimentally determined tielines is within the uncertainty of the experiments. The solution properties of quadrilateral olivines can be described by a non-convergent site-disorder model that allows for complete partitioning of Ca on the M2 site, highly disordered Fe-Mg cation distributions and limited miscibility between high-Ca and low-Ca olivines. The ternary data presented in this paper together with binary solution models for the joins Fo-Mo and Fa-Kst have been used to evaluate two solution parameters: $$\begin{gathered} F^0 \equiv 2(\mu _{{\rm M}o}^0 - \mu _{{\rm K}st}^0 ) + \mu _{Fa}^0 - \mu _{Fo}^0 = 12.660 (1.6) kJ, \hfill \\ \Delta G_*^0 \equiv \mu _{{\rm M}gFe}^0 + \mu _{FeMg}^0 - \mu _{Fo}^0 - \mu _{Fa}^0 = 7.030 (3.9) kJ. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ . Ternary phase quilibrium data for olivines tightly constrain the value of F0, but not that for ΔG * 0 which describes nonideality in Fe-Mg mixing. From this analysis, we infer a function for the apparent standard state energy of Kst: $$\begin{gathered} \mu _{{\rm K}st}^0 = - 102.79 \pm 0.8 - (T - 298)(0.137026) \hfill \\ + (T - 298 - T1n(T/298))(0.155519) \hfill \\ + (T - 298)^2 (2.8242E - 05)/2 \hfill \\ + (T - 298)^2 (2.9665E + 03)/(2T(298)^2 ) kJ \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where T is in Kelvins and the 298 K value is relative to oxides. 相似文献
57.
Hydrogen sulfide occurs in high concentration (10–200 mg/l) in different parts of Kuwait City and its suburbs at relatively
shallow depths (15–40 m from the surface). This was revealed by drilling through the aquifer system underlying the city and
sampling and analyzing the ground water at the drilled locations. The near-absence of coliform bacteria in the sulfide-rich
zones, the presence of sulfur-reducing bacteria in the deep (>80 m) Dammam Formation aquifer and a linear positive relation
between the concentration of hydrogen sulfide and the total dissolved solids content suggested non-anthropogenic origin of
the sulfide in the ground water of Kuwait. The upward movement of sulfide-rich water from depth and its differential flushing
by surface recharge through outcrops of the aquifers appear to have given rise to the present distribution of hydrogen sulfide
in the aquifers underlying the Kuwait City. 相似文献
58.
59.
P. Mukhopadhyay J. Sanjay W. R. Cotton S. S. Singh 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2005,90(1-2):77-108
Summary An attempt has been made to study the impact of surface meteorological observations on the Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS) simulation of a monsoon depression and two low pressure systems. The surface observations are blended with the GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) gridded analyses for these cases. In one set of experiments the model is run in 12 hour nudging mode initially and then in forecast mode using GAME gridded data without incorporating surface observations. In another set of experiments surface data are incorporated to enhance the signature of the systems in the large scale GAME analyses and nudging is applied initially for twelve hours. Subsequently the model is run in forecast mode to see the temporal and spatial evolution of different meteorological features associated with the systems. It is found that inclusion of the surface data has in general enhanced the signature of the systems in the analysis and subsequently shows improvement in the forecast of sea-level pressure, geopotential, wind field, etc. and the associated forecast of heavy rainfall, in particular. To make a quantitative comparison of the predicted rainfall with the observed one, equitable threat score and bias are calculated for different threshold values of rainfall. It is clearly noted that inclusion of surface data has improved the precipitation forecast over the Indian land mass as indicated by the equitable threat score and bias for all the threshold rainfall categories. 相似文献
60.