我国热带亚热带部分地区花岗岩和片麻岩中黑云母风化研究

综合应用Ｘ射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜及偏光显微镜等技术手段研究了我国热带、亚热带部分地区花岗岩和片麻岩中黑云母的风化现象。结果表明，化学风化产物主要有黑云母／蛭石不规则间层矿物、水黑云母、蛭石、０．７ｎｍ埃洛石及铁的氢氧化物（氧化物）等。影响黑云母风化及次生产物形成的主要因素包括黑云母的晶体结构和化学成分、气候、风化壳母岩的矿物成分等。     

Main features of regional circulation variation during onset of the south china sea monsoon in 1998

1.IntroductionTheAsiansummermonsoonconsistsoftwosystems,i.e.,theSouthAsianmonsoonandtheEastAsianmonsoon.TheSouthChinaSea(SCS)monsoonisoneoftheimportantsubsystemsoftheEastAsianmonsoon.IthaslongbeenconcernedabouttherelationshipoftheSCSmonsoonwithchangesofthegeneralcirculationandweatherpatternsinadjacentregions.TaoandChen(1987)suggestedthattheonsetoftheAsiansummermonsoonstartsfirstinthenorthernSCSusuallyinmid--May,thenpropagatesnorthwardtothemainlandofChinaandthewesternPacificsouthofJap…     

影响预报员应用先进天气预报技术的因素分析

先进的天气预报技术只有被预报员有效应用才能发挥其重要作用。为了促进预报员应用先进技术,有必要对影响预报员应用先进技术的各方面因素进行分析研究并提出对策,以提升气象服务能力和提高气象服务质量。本研究对短时临近预报新技术产品从无到有、预报员对新技术产品从陌生到接纳应用的整个过程进行连续3年的互动式调查评估,以B08FDP技术产品被预报员在北京2008年奥运气象服务中的应用过程为例,采用问卷调查和深度访谈的方式,通过2006年预报员的需求调查,挖掘出先进的预报技术产品要被预报员接纳和应用所面临的3个突出问题,并进行分析研究提出对策建议反馈给气象部门;通过2007和2008年追踪分析B08FDP被预报员逐步接受并应用的情况,揭示出要提高预报员对先进技术的应用,就要深入调查预报员需求并给予满足、有针对性地开展预报员培训教育、建立完善预报员与科研人员互动反馈的常态机制。     

局地云量变化气候效应的数值模拟

本文用统计得到的东半球夏季平均云量资料，利用改进的云－辐射计算模式，在三维有限区域模式中模拟局地云量变化的气候效应。模拟结果表明，高原地区和热带辐合带云量变化造成的气候效应都主要表现在青藏高原地区。在低反照率时，高原地区云量减少使该地区地表加热，引起高低空气压系统加强；高反照率时结果相反。热带辐合带云量减少会引起青藏高原地区降温和气压系统减弱。     

A TWO-LAYER PRIMITIVE EQUATION OCEAN CURRENT MODEL AND ITS SIMULATION

A two-layer primitive equation model is developed in this paper. The capabilities of this model aretested by the use of multiyearly averaged January and July sea surface level pressure fields and windfields which can be diagnosed from the pressure fields. The results show that the ocean surface currentsand undercurrents in the second layer driven by the sea surface wind and the sea surface pressure areclose to the observation. The results are also compared with that of the IAP OGCM and the OSUOGCM.     

气溶胶对我国中东部地区秋季降水的影响

通过分析近50年来中国中东部地区降水资料发现,秋季降水与其他季节相比有明显减少趋势(每10年下降约54.3 mm),尤其自1980年代以来呈直线下降趋势(每10年降水减少5.6%)。从降水形成三个基本条件(水汽输送条件、稳定度条件、云微物理条件)出发,探究秋季降水减小的原因。结果表明,大气稳定度(对流抑制能(convective inhibition,CIN)以28.67(J/kg)/(10年)的速率增加,对流有效位能(convective available potential energy,CAPE)以12.81(J/kg)/(10年)的速率减小以及云微物理性质的变化(云滴有效粒子尺度减小)是导致秋季降水减少的直接原因,而这两个因素的变化与近20多年来气溶胶的大量增多有着非常密切的关系。因此,由空气污染造成的气溶胶浓度的增加可以作为导致中国中东部地区秋季降水减少的其中一个重要原因。由于秋季天气系统较稳定,主要受到大尺度系统影响,动力作用影响大于热力作用,所以减少了复杂中小天气系统和热力作用对降水的影响,故而更加突显出气溶胶对秋季降水的影响。     

Climatic regime shift and decadal anomalous events in China

Climatic time series from historical documents and instrumental records from China showed temporal and regional patterns in the last two to three centuries, including two multidecadal oscillations at quasi-20-year and quasi-70-year timescales revealed by signal analysis from wavelet transform. Climatic anomalous events on the decadal timescale were identified based on the two oscillations when their positive (or negative) phases coincide with each other to amplify amplitude. The coldest event occurred in the decade of 1965–1975 in eastern China, while the periods of 1920–1930, 1940–1950, and 1988–2000 appeared to be warmer in most parts of China. For the precipitation series in northern China, the dry anomalous event was found in the late 1920s, while the wet anomalous event occurred in the 1950s. A severe drought in 1927–1929 in northern China coincided with the anomalous warm and dry decade, caused large-scale famine in nine provinces over northern China. Climatic anomalous events with a warm-dry or cold-wet association in the physical climate system would potentially cause severe negative impacts on natural ecosystem in the key vulnerable region over northern China. The spatial pattern of summer rainfall anomalies in the eastern China monsoon region showed an opposite variations in phase between the Yellow River Valley (North China) and the mid-low Yangtze River Valley as well as accompanied the shift of the northernmost monsoon boundary. Climatic regime shifts for different time points in the last 200 years were identified. In North China, transitions from dry to wet periods occurred around 1800, 1875, and 1940 while the transitions from wet to dry periods appeared around 1840, 1910, and the late 1970s. The reversal transition in these time points can also be found in the lower Yangtze River. Climatic regime shifts in China were linked to the interaction of mid- and low latitude atmospheric circulations (the westerly flow and the monsoon flow) when they cross the Tibetan Plateau in East Asia.     

中国东北和西北区域三种再分析资料与探空资料的温度对比分析

利用中国105站的探空资料以及NCEP/NCAR、ERA和JRA三种再分析资料,采用均方根误差、趋势分析等多种统计分析方法,对再分析资料的高空温度在中国东北和西北区域的可信度进行了分析。结果表明：在气候平均方面,JRA资料相比于探空资料的均方根误差较小,冬季的均方根误差较小,西北区的均方根误差普遍大于东北区;在年际变化方面,东北区三种再分析资料在低层的反映程度明显好于高层,西北区各层三种再分析资料与探空资料的差值普遍比东北区大;在长期变化方面,三种再分析资料在对流层低层都较好,东北区NCEP资料能更好地反映探空资料高层的降温趋势,而在西北区,则是JRA资料能更好地反映探空资料高层的降温趋势。     

近51a漳州市极端最低气温变化特征分析

利用福建省漳州市10个气象站1962—2012年1、2、12月逐日最低气温资料,分析漳州极端最低气温变化特征。结果表明:①漳州多年冬季平均极端最低气温以0.397℃/10 a线性倾向率增加。②各年代际气候倾向率差异明显,20世纪80年代年极端最低气温增加最快(气候倾向率2.715℃/10 a),21世纪以来气候倾向率最小(0.006℃/10 a),20世纪70年代内极端最低气温变化相对稳定(变异系数为0.85),20世纪90年代气温变化剧烈(变异系数为1.72)。③极端最低气温(5℃)日数以-1.6℃/10 a的气候倾向率减少,多年低温日数平均值为7.5 d。④漳州市区、郊区极端最低气温显著增加,漳州市区极端最低气温以0.546℃/10 a气候倾向率增加,郊区以0.381℃/10 a气候倾向率增加。⑤漳州市区与郊区极端最低气温(5℃)日数平均差值5 d,市区低温日数以-2.427 d/10 a的气候倾向率减小,郊区低温日数以-1.509 d/10 a的气候倾向率减少。