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361.
Pasinee Reopanichkul Thomas A. Schlacher R.W. Carter Suchai Worachananant 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(9):1356-1362
Against a backdrop of rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification which pose global threats to coral reefs, excess nutrients and turbidity continue to be significant stressors at regional and local scales. Because interventions usually require local data on pollution impacts, we measured ecological responses to sewage discharges in Surin Marine Park, Thailand. Wastewater disposal significantly increased inorganic nutrients and turbidity levels, and this degradation in water quality resulted in substantial ecological shifts in the form of (i) increased macroalgal density and species richness, (ii) lower cover of hard corals, and (iii) significant declines in fish abundance. Thus, the effects of nutrient pollution and turbidity can cascade across several levels of ecological organization to change key properties of the benthos and fish on coral reefs. Maintenance or restoration of ecological reef health requires improved wastewater management and run-off control for reefs to deliver their valuable ecosystems services. 相似文献
362.
Kirsti Jylhä Stefan Fronzek Heikki Tuomenvirta Timothy R. Carter Kimmo Ruosteenoja 《Climatic change》2008,86(3-4):441-462
Changes in indices related to frost and snow in Europe by the end of the twenty-first century were analyzed based on experiments
performed with seven regional climate models (RCMs). All the RCMs regionalized information from the same general circulation
model (GCM), applying the IPCC-SRES A2 radiative forcing scenario. In addition, some simulations used SRES B2 radiative forcing
and/or boundary conditions provided by an alternative GCM. Ice cover over the Baltic Sea was examined using a statistical
model that related the annual maximum extent of ice to wintertime coastal temperatures. Fewer days with frost and snow, shorter
frost seasons, a smaller liquid water equivalent of snow, and milder sea ice conditions were produced by all model simulations,
irrespective of the forcing scenario and the driving GCM. The projected changes have implications across a diverse range of
human activities. Details of the projections were subject to differences in RCM design, deviations between the boundary conditions
of the driving GCMs, uncertainties in future emissions and random effects due to internal climate variability. A larger number
of GCMs as drivers of the RCMs would most likely have resulted in somewhat wider ranges in the frost, snow and sea ice estimates
than those presented in this paper. 相似文献
363.
Takuro Kobashi Jeffrey P. Severinghaus Jean-Marc Barnola Kenji Kawamura Tara Carter Tosiyuki Nakaegawa 《Climatic change》2010,100(3-4):733-756
Future Greenland temperature evolution will affect melting of the ice sheet and associated global sea-level change. Therefore, understanding Greenland temperature variability and its relation to global trends is critical. Here, we reconstruct the last 1,000 years of central Greenland surface temperature from isotopes of N2 and Ar in air bubbles in an ice core. This technique provides constraints on decadal to centennial temperature fluctuations. We found that northern hemisphere temperature and Greenland temperature changed synchronously at periods of ~20 years and 40–100 years. This quasi-periodic multi-decadal temperature fluctuation persisted throughout the last millennium, and is likely to continue into the future. 相似文献
364.
L. A. Kirstein M. G. Fellin S. D. Willett A. Carter Y.‐ G. Chen J. I. Garver D. C. Lee 《Basin Research》2010,22(3):270-285
The Coastal Range in eastern Taiwan contains the remnants of the Pliocene–Pleistocene retro‐foredeep basin of the ongoing Penglai orogeny. These sedimentary successions record the earliest exhumation of the Central Range, Taiwan. We dated detrital Plio‐Pleistocene sediments in the Coastal Range using multiple thermochronometers [fission‐track, zircon (U–Th)/He and U/Pb dating] to document changes in exhumation rate through time. Fission‐track grain ages in 2–4‐Myr‐old sediments were not reset by the Penglai orogeny and reflect the early stage removal of the sedimentary cover. This early stage, when exhumation rates were low, could encompass both the accretionary wedge phase of the orogen and the early arc–continent collision. Sediments younger than 2‐Myr‐old yield Pliocene zircon fission‐track grain ages and suggest that exhumation, transport and deposition occurred within 0.4–1.5 Myr. The recorded onset of rapid exhumation in the Pliocene is contemporaneous with other major tectonic changes in the region, including an increase in subsidence rate in both the pro‐ and retro‐foredeep basins and a change in the wedge kinematics from internal shortening to underplating. 相似文献
365.