我国西部低煤级煤的液化性能

我国西部地区中新生代赋存着丰富的低煤级(R_max<0.8%)煤炭资源,且绝大部分为低灰、低硫、低磷的优质煤,这为煤的洁净利用提供了最佳的液化原料。从煤质和煤岩基本性质出发,探讨了研究区低煤级煤的液化性能。通过高压釜在溶剂和催化剂条件下的加氢液化试验可知,在氢耗量5%左右时,煤的液化转化率达90%以上,油产率达55%以上,这表明我国西部低煤级煤可作为重要的液化用煤资源。同时,通过分析影响本区煤液化性能的控制因素,发现煤的挥发分产率、碳氢原子比、活性组分含量和镜质体反射率等指标可直接影响煤的液化性能。      

土壤植被大气模式中水分和能量传输研究进展

 在分析过去地-气间相互作用的物理过程、研究进展基础上,探讨了土壤-植被-大气系统中水分与能量的传输过程在模型中不同的计算方法。同时对不同计算方法进行对比,确定了分析土壤-植被-大气系统中水分和能量传输方法的优缺点,提出了解决我国干旱地区土壤-植被-大气系统中水分和能量传输的一些思路,强调加强干旱地区观测资料积累,采用实测资料不断对不同分析计算进行验证,找出适用于西北干旱区的参数化方法,建立干旱区土壤-植物-大气模型。     

交通荷载作用下结构性软土动本构关系的试验研究

基于大量动三轴试验,针对滨海新区结构性软土,研究了其动应力-应变、动模量和阻尼比变化规律,并对振动波型、加荷频率以及固结应力比等影响因素进行了深入的研究,得出了如下的结论：振动波型对于结构性软土的动应力-应变类型影响不大,但是最大动弹模量 和动剪切模量 的相差可达2.5倍左右;结构性软土具有明显的频率效应和门槛振动频率;半正弦波型条件下,当围压小于结构屈服压力时,最大动弹模量 随固结比的增加而递减,超过某一应变幅值时,最大动弹模量 将随着固结比的增加而减小;偏压状态下,低应变条件下固结比越大,阻尼比越大,当应变值超过0.004以后,随应变值的不断增大,固结比越大,阻尼比反而越小。所得出的结论对工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

Impending HRT wave precursors to the Wenchuan M_s8.0 earthquake and methods of earthquake impending prediction by using HRT wave

We deployed four geo-electric monitoring stations in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces from 2004, using the new generation of equipment (PS-100) and technologies to capture the HRT wave earthquake precursor. Before the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, we recorded the HRT wave precursor at the only operating station in Hongge (HG, Δ=465 km) and found that significant impending signal had been recorded at the station in the early morning ( 0―5 am) of 12th of May, 2008. The precursor for this earthquake is consistent wit...     

东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区黄羊山花岗岩和包体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及地质意义

高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,黄羊山岩浆混合花岗岩加权平均~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为311±12Ma,首次获得闪长质微细粒包体加权平均~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为300±6Ma,在误差范围内完全一致,均属于晚石炭世,前者代表黄羊山岩浆混合花岗岩成岩年龄,后者代表暗色闪长质微粒包体的形成年龄,表明两者是同时代形成的,属于300Ma前后准噶尔周边地区后碰撞岩浆活动的产物.岩石地球化学研究表明,寄主岩石具有高硅、低铝、贫钙镁、富碱和高分异的特征,寄主岩石、包体和辉绿岩脉成分均落在了混合趋势线上,寄主岩富集Rb和Th等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素,亏损Ba、Sr、Ta和Ti等元素,δEu值(为0.01)极低,具有低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr初始比值和高正的ε_(Nd)(t)值.黄羊山碱性花岗岩是在后碰撞拉张的构造背景下,幔源岩浆发生底垫作用,由于幔源岩浆底垫作用,下地壳温度升高而熔融形成酸性壳源岩浆,部分幔源岩浆沿着地壳中的深断裂带上涌,发生不同程度壳幔混合形成的,其中闪长质微细粒包体就是基性的幔源岩浆和酸性的壳源岩浆不同程度的混合的记录者,研究区的辉绿岩脉是幔源岩浆直接分异演化的产物.     

Distinct continental margins and associated stratigraphic architecture patterns during the seafloor spreading of South China Sea

In this paper we compare four types of stratigraphic architectures around the continental margins in the South China Sea (SCS) based on a plentiful of seismic profiles. The results indicate that stratigraphic patterns are not only related closely to structure regimes of peripheral of the SCS, but also are restrained by crust structure from continental crust to oceanic crust. In the extensional setting, depositional centres during the syn‐spreading stage are located in the strong extensional area. A wedge‐decrease continental crust represented by the Pearl River Mouth type is characterized by high deposition and subsidence rate during the syn‐rifting and syn‐spreading stages in the distal zone. And in the Zhongjiannan type with a continental ribbon, high deposition and subsidence rate during the syn‐rifting and syn‐spreading stages are present in the proximal zone. However, in the southern and eastern margins with compressional setting, the Liyue and Zengmu microcontinent blocks are separated from the South China with the seafloor spreading of SCS, in which a confined or relative thin syn‐spreading deposits are presence. High deposition and subsidence rate is closely related to the collision or subduction condition during the post‐spreading stage in the Liyue bank type and the Zengmu type, a huge progradational clinoforms are present along the subduction and collision margin. Therefore, this study shows distinct stratigraphic architecture in different continental rifted margins, distinct depositional and subsidence characteristics formed during the process of lithospheric rupture can provide an effective method for the study on the continental marginal sea in the western Pacific.     

Recognition of Early Paleozoic Magmatisms in the Supposed Proterozoic Basements of Zhalantun, Great Xing’an Range, NE China

The Zhalantun terrane from the Xing'an massif, northeast China, was used to be considered as Proterozoic basements. However, amounts of detrital zircon ages from the meta-sedimentary rocks deny the existence of Precambrian basements recently. Notably, magmatic rocks were barely reported to limit the exact ages of the Zhalantun basements. In this study, we collected rhyolite, gabbro and quartz diorite for zircon in-situ U-Pb isotopic dating, which yield crystallization ages of ～505 Ma, ～447 Ma and ～125 Ma, respectively. Muscovite schist and siltstone define maximum depositional ages of ～499 Ma and ～489 Ma, respectively. Additionally, these dated supracrustal rocks and plutons also yield ancient detrital/xenocryst zircon ages of ～600–1000 Ma, ～1600–2220 Ma, ～2400 Ma, ～2600–2860 Ma. Based on the whole-rock major and trace element compositions, the ～505 Ma rhyolites display high SiO_2 and alkaline contents, low Fe_2O_3T, TiO_2 and Al_2O_3, and relatively high Mg O and Mg#, which exhibit calc-alkaline characteristics. These rhyolites yield fractionated REE patterns and negative Nb, Ta, Ti, Sr, P and Eu anomalies and positive Zr anomalies. The geochemistry, petrology and Lu-Hf isotopes imply that rhyolites were derived from the partial melting of continental basalt induced by upwelling of sub-arc mantle magmas, and then experienced fractional crystallization of plagioclase, which points to a continental arc regime. The ～447 Ma gabbros exhibit low Si O2 and alkaline contents, high Fe2 O3 T, Ti O2, Mg O and Mg#. They show minor depletions of La and Ce, flat MREE and HREE patterns, and negative Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf anomalies. Both sub-arc mantle and N-MORB-like mantle were involved in the formation of the gabbros, indicative of a probable back-arc basin tectonic setting. Given that, the previously believed Proterozoic supracrustal rocks and several plutons from the Zhalantun Precambrian basements were proved to be Paleozoic to Mesozoic rocks, among which these Paleozoic magmatic rocks were generally related to subduction regime. So far, none Proterozoic rocks have been identified from the Zhalantun Precambrian basement, though some ～600–3210 Ma ancient detrital/xenocryst zircons were reported. Combined with ancient zircon ages and newly reported ～2.5 Ga and ～1.8 Ga granites from the south of the Zhalantun, therefore, the Precambrian rocks probably once exposed in the Zhalantun while they were re-worked and consumed during later long tectonic evolutionary history, resulting in absence of Precambrian rocks in the Zhalantun.     

深部三维圆形洞室岩爆过程的模拟试验

为了模拟深部圆形洞室三维受力情况下岩爆的发生过程,以具有极强岩爆倾向性的花岗岩作为试验材料,利用自行研制的TRW?3000岩石真三轴电液伺服诱变试验机,对含直径50 mm贯穿圆形孔洞的100 mm×100 mm×100 mm立方体花岗岩试样进行了三向不等压加载试验。试验首先模拟1 000 m深度的初始应力环境,以垂直于洞室轴向的水平方向作为最小主应力方向,通过增加竖直方向应力模拟应力调整过程诱发岩爆情况,并借助三维加载岩样内部结构破坏实时视频监控系统监控洞壁破坏情况。试验结果表明,岩爆过程可以划分为平静阶段、颗粒弹射阶段、岩片剥落和爆裂阶段,洞壁两侧中间部位应力集中系数最高,最先产生破坏,然后沿径向向深部发展,最终形成两个对称型的V型槽。圆形洞室洞壁两侧破坏的3个典型受力节点,符合深部工程中统计得到的无支护圆形巷道的远场应力状态与破坏模式之间的关系,达到了模拟的效果。利用现有的4种岩爆判据进行了分析,判别结果与试验过程中拍摄到的洞壁破坏情况基本一致。洞壁的破坏伴随着声发射计数增加和能量升高,岩爆越剧烈,声发射越活跃。     

煤系页岩气储层非均质性研究——以宁武盆地太原组和山西组为例

储层非均质性是影响煤系页岩气勘探开发的主要瓶颈之一。以宁武盆地太原组和山西组泥页岩为研究对象,通过钻孔资料、TOC、XRD、扫描电镜、压汞及低温液氮测试,划分泥页岩发育层段,分析煤系页岩TOC、矿物成分、孔隙度、孔容、比表面积参数宏观非均质性及孔隙结构非均质性,探讨宏观—微观非均质性影响因素。研究表明:太原组和山西组泥页岩平均厚度分别为32.77m和67.68m,可划分为5个层段和4种暗色泥页岩类型,黑色页岩具有TOC、孔隙度、水敏性中等,脆性高特点,是最利于开发的优质储层段;微孔主要受黏土矿物含量影响,呈现出正相关关系,在黏土矿物含量较低时,微孔与TOC呈现正相关;煤系泥页岩宏观非均质性主要受沉积和构造影响,微观非均质性受成岩演化影响。研究成果可为优选煤系页岩气优质储层段和压裂工艺提供可靠依据。     

南岭诸广山北体复式花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及多期岩浆活动

诸广山复式花岗岩基位于湘、赣、粤三省交界处,是南岭花岗岩的重要组成部分,由南体和北体组成,出露面积大于5000 km2,形成于加里东期、印支期、燕山期3个时代。通过对诸广山北体3期花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年,结果表明,加里东期花岗闪长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为(414.5±4.5)Ma(n=13,MSWD=0.52)、(417.3±4.8)Ma(n=12,MSWD=0.84),形成于晚志留世末。印支期黑云母二长花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄(207.5±2.7)Ma(n=10,MSWD=1.6),形成于晚三叠世末。燕山期二云母二长花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄(148.2±1.7)Ma(n=13,MSWD=0.93),形成于晚侏罗世。该成果为南岭地区构造-岩浆演化及成矿作用研究,提供了重要的花岗岩年代学依据。