The Impact of Mid- and High-Latitude Rossby Wave Activities on the Medium-Range Evolution of the EAP Pattern During the Pre-Rainy Period of South China

Based on the NCEP DOE AMIP II daily reanalysis data (1979{2005), the evolution of the East Asia/Pacific(EAP) teleconnection pattern during the pre-rainy period of South China is studied on the medium-range time scale. It is found that positive and negative EAP patterns share a similar generation process. In the middle and upper troposphere, Rossby wave packets emanating from the northeast Atlantic or Europe propagate toward East Asia along the Eurasian continent waveguide and finally give rise to the three anomaly centers of the EAP pattern over East Asia. Among the three anomaly centers, the western Pacific subtropical center appears the latest. Rossby wave packets propagate from the high latitude anomaly center toward the mid-latitude and the subtropical ones. The enhancement and maintenance of the subtropical anomaly center is closely associated with the subtropical jet waveguide and the incoming Rossby wave packets from the upstream. In the lower troposphere, Rossby wave packets emanate from the subtropical Asia toward East Asia. Positive and negative EAP patterns could not be regarded as "mirrors" to each other with simply re- versed phase. For the positive pattern, the positive height anomaly center around the Scandinavia Peninsula keeps its strength and position during the mature period, and the Rossby wave packets thus propagate persistently toward East Asia, facilitating a longer mature time of the positive pattern. As for the formation of the negative EAP pattern, however, the incoming Rossby wave energy from the upstream contributes to both the enhancement and southeastward movement of the negative anomaly belt from the Yenisei River to the Bering Strait and the positive anomaly center around Mongolia. At the peak time, the two anomlous circulations are evolved into the Northeast Asia and the mid-latitude anomaly centers of the negative pattern, respectively. The energy dispersion of Rossby wave packets is relatively fast due to the predominant zonal circulation in the extratropics, causing a shorter mature period of the negative pattern. During the pre-rainy period of South China, the prevalence of the EAP pattern signiˉcantly affects the rainfall over the region south of the Yangtze River. The positive (negative) EAP pattern tends to causepositive (negative) precipitation anomalies in that region. This is di?erent from the earlier research findingsbased on monthly mean data.     

中国黄土高原塬区表层土壤水分盈缺状况的研究

陆地表层水分的盈缺直接关系到局地气候变化.本文利用黄土高原塬区初夏至盛夏期两次陆面过程野外试验(LOess Plateau land surface process field EXperiment 2005,LOPEX05和LOPEX06)的野外试验观测资料,分析了试验期间黄土高原白庙塬区不同下垫面的水分蒸散和表层土壤水分盈缺状况.结果表明:在土壤水分比较充足的条件下,植被蒸腾增加量在正午时的峰值为0.05 mm·h-1,而较大降水发生后的首个晴日.冬小麦地和裸地的蒸散分别可达4.60 mm·d-和3.70 mm·d-1.局地降水是影响陆面蒸散量变化的主要因素,而植被冠层的存在增加了陆面蒸散发量中的植物蒸腾量值.2006年4月下旬到7月中旬,裸地的水分缺失为16.3 mm·m2,冬小麦地的水分缺失为39.9mm·m2.其中缺失最严重的时间段为5月下旬到6月上旬,最大旬缺失量达16.5 mm·m2,7月上旬和中旬,由于降水季节来临,土壤水分有少量盈余.在2005年7月中旬至8月下旬,玉米地和裸地的水分盈余分别为17.9 mm·m2和25.3 mm·m2.不同时间尺度的统计均表明,降水不仅是影响陆面蒸散量的主要因素,而且也是表层土壤水分盈缺的决定性因子.     

驾驶员路考系统雷电事故与防雷工程设计中的错误

1 引言 2008年5月15日,刚刚竣工8个月的丹东市交警支队机动车驾驶员适应性检测中心场区,发生雷击事故.雷电击毁监考中心的路考系统设备,使路考系统停止运转.日后,该系统设备又多次发生雷击事故,致使路考系统不能正常工作.     

黑龙江省短时暴雨天气分型及雷达回波特征

通过统计黑龙江省2005～2006年260个短时暴雨样本,结合天气图和雷达图进行分析,对黑龙江省短时暴雨分类,并总结出不同天气形势下短时暴雨的雷达回波特征.     

Agricultural Land Use Effects on Climate over China as Simulated by a Regional Climate Model

The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3) is used to investigate the climate effects of land use change related to agriculture over China. The model is driven by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecast 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA40)data. Two sets of experiments for 15 yr (1987-2001) are conducted, one with the potential vegetation cover and the other the agricultural land use (AG). The results show that the AG effects on temperature are weak over northern China while in southern China a significant cooling is found in both winter (December-January-February) and summer (June-July-August). The mean cooling in the sub-regions of South China (SC) in winter and the sub-regions of Southeast (SE) China in summer are found to be the greatest,up to 0.5℃ and 0.8℃, respectively. In general, the change of AG leads to a decrease of annual mean temperature by 0.5-1℃ in southern China. Slight change of precipitation in western China and a decrease of precipitation in eastern China are simulated in winter, with the maximum reduction reaching -7.5% over SE. A general decrease of precipitation over northern China and an increase over southern China are simulated in summer,in particular over SE where the increase of precipitation can be up to 7.3%. The AG effects on temperature and precipitation show strong interannual variability. Comparison of the climate effects between AG and the present-day land use (LU) is also performed. In southern China, the ratio of temperature (precipitation)changes caused by AG and LU is greater than (closer to) the ratio of the number of grid cells with changed vegetation cover due to AG and LU variations.     

气象防灾减灾科普栏目《风云纪录》的设计与实现

自然灾害公众教育可以提高全社会的灾害意识和忧患意识,增加公众的灾害知识,提高面对灾害的自救和互救能力,从而减少灾害的损失。为充分发挥电视在普及气象防灾减灾知识中的作用,依托已经发生或者新近发生的灾害事件,在纪实拍摄的基础上,充分利用数字媒体技术,设计了气象防灾减灾科普栏目《风云纪录》。节目采用故事化叙事手段,关注灾害事件中的受灾群体,将致灾的自然力量与社会人文因素交织在一起,把自然变化放在社会环境之中,气象专家、灾害专家和社会学者对灾害事件详细解读,使观众对灾害的认识更全面更深刻。对于抽象的知识、科学原理等,采用动画演示,以求通俗易懂。灾害纪实画面、灾害亲历者的现场采访、动画、解说、音乐、音效等表现形式经数字音视频编辑技术协调平衡,既真实生动,又具科普价值。自2003年以来,在栏目设计指导下,已经拍摄制作了200余期节目,通过各种播放,发挥了良好的科普效益,也为进一步做好气象灾害专题教育积累了经验。     

湖北地区云地闪电时空分布特征分析

为揭示湖北地区云地闪电时空分布特征及雷电活动规律,以满足雷电灾害防护和雷击风险评估工作需要,采用湖北不同地理位置的13个雷击探测仪组成的闪电监测定位系统获取的2006年3月至2009年2月的云地闪电资料,从闪电的极性分布、日变化、月变化、强度、闪电密度、累计概率分布等方面进行统计分析。结果表明:云地闪电中负闪电占闪电总数的96.2%;正闪电占闪电总数的3.8%;闪电频次的日变化呈明显的单峰单谷型,一日中,最大值出现在15—16时,最小值在09—10时;一年中,4—8月闪电次数占全年闪电总数的95.9%,其中7—8月闪电次数最多;正、负闪电的强度主要集中在10～50 kA,大于30 kA的累积概率在50%以下,大于60 kA的累积概率8.1%,大于100 kA的累积概率1.6%;拟合出湖北地区大于某雷电流强度累积概率方程,经统计分析,实测值与计算值相关系数达0.99998。闪电密度分布呈明显的地域性差异,鄂东南的嘉鱼县、咸宁、黄石、鄂州市一带为闪电高密度区,鄂西的远安县、当阳市附近为闪电次高密度区。山区与丘陵、平原交接地带,即地表状况发生明显变化的地带,是雷电多发地带。鄂西南山区县市雷电日数较多,闪电密度不一定随之增加,其原因可能是山区县市土壤电阻率较大和山区局地小气候环境共同影响的结果。     

陇中黄土高原地表能量不平衡特征及其影响机制研究

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)2008年夏季的观测资料,分析了陇中黄土高原地表能量不平衡特征及其影响机制,计算了地表和5 cm深处土壤热通量板之间的热储存,并对地表能量不平衡特征重新进行了计算和评价。当把土壤热储存作为地表能量收支的一部分考虑后,不平衡差额绝对值平均降低了23 W.m-2,能量不闭合度平均减小了0.104,利用最小二乘法(OLS)进行线性回归得到的平均不闭合度减小了0.085。从白天和晚上的能量不闭合度频率分布也能够看出,土壤热储存对地表能量收支平衡有很大改善。但即使考虑了土壤热储存项,地表能量不闭合仍然很明显。除了土壤热储存,边界层大气不同形式的输送能力作为对地气能量通量交换过程中的重要因素,对能量不平衡也会产生深远影响。结果显示,地表能量不闭合度分别与垂直速度w、水平风速u和对流速度尺度w*有较密切的关系。涡动相关法通量计算中常通过坐标旋转强迫垂直速度变为零,然而非零的垂直速度和垂直平流是真实存在的,忽略垂直平流热量输送是产生地表能量不平衡的重要原因。     

Observations of Cloud Condensation Nuclei in North China

Using a DMT （Droplet Measurement Technologies） continuous flow streamwise thermal gradient cloud condensation nuclei （CCN） counter mounted on a Cheyenne IIIA aircraft, about 20 flights for aircraft mea- surements of CCN over North China were conducted in the autumn of 2005 and spring of 2006. According to the design for aircraft observation, the method of spiral ascent or descent in the troposphere was used for the vertical measurement of CCN, and some certain levels were chosen for horizontal measurement. The vertical distributions of CCN concentrations show that most CCN particles are concentrated in the low level of troposphere and CCN concentration decreased with height increasing. It suggests that the main source of CCN is from the surface. This result is consistent with former studies during 1983-1985 in China with a static thermal gradient CCN counter. The comparison of vertical observations between polluted rural area near Shijiazhuang and non-polluted rural area near Zhangjiakou shows that there is about five times difference in CCN concentration. But over two polluted cities, Shijiazhuang and Handan, there is no notable difference in CCN concentration. The horizontal flight measurements for penetrating the cumulus clouds experiment show the apparent decrease of CCN in clouds. It confirms that cloud has a definite consumptive effect on CCN particles because some CCN particles can form cloud droplets. The surface measurements of CCN in Shijiazhuang City were made during June-August 2005. The statistical CCN data show the great difference in concentration at the same supersaturation （S） in Shijiazhuang summertime. The minimum CCN concentrations were 584, 808, and 2431 cm-3, and the maximum concentrations were 9495, 16332, and 21812 cm-3 at S=0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%, respectively. CCN has a diurnal variation cycle. From 0600 BT, the concentration began to increase and reached the maximum at about noon. Then it generally decreased throughout the afternoon. The reason maybe is related to the onset o     

Study of Methods for Three-Dimensional Multiple-Radar Reflectivity Mosaics

This paper investigated several approaches to remapping and combining multiple-radar reflectivity fields onto a unified 3D Cartesian grid with high spatial and temporal resolutions,and analyzed systematic ob servation differences among multiple radars.The remapping approaches were evaluated by inspecting the spatial consistency of the reflectivity fields on vertical and horizontal cross sections on the equidistant line of radars,and the intensity change of 1-h accumulated precipitation before and after interpolation.The com bining approaches were evaluated by continuity examination.The results show that for remapping schemes,the vertical interpolation with nearest neighbor on the range-azimuth plane is the most reasonable scheme that provides consecutive reflectivity fields and retains the high-resolution structure comparable to that of the raw data;for multiple-radar data mosaics,the distance-exponential-weighted mean scheme provides spatially consistent reflectivity mosaics.The mosaics call mitigate various problems caused by the radar beam geometry such as the cone of silence.