论虚拟地理环境对地理知识的表达与共享

地理知识是通过对地理科学领域独特的背景、过程和结果进行解释而得到的知识。如何有效表达和共享地理知识是地理学研究和应用中的重要问题。本文首先将地理知识划分为3个层次,事实型知识、规则及控制型知识和决策型知识,分析了不同阶段地理语言对地理知识表达与共享的支持能力。对比地图和GIS语言,发现新一代地理语言—虚拟地理环境VGEs(Virtual Geographic Environments)能够较为全面地支持3个层次的地理知识。针对VGEs,从多个角度分析了其服务于地理知识表达与共享的能力,包括虚实结合理论、地理模型库及管理系统、动态可视化表达和异地协同工作环境。结合面向珠江三角洲地区空气质量研究问题的虚拟地理环境平台,对上述各方面进行了阐述。最后从地理知识生成、管理与应用角度对未来研究提出展望。     

Geophysical exploration for interlayer slip breccia gold deposits: example from Pengjiakuang gold deposit, Shandong Province, China

Interlayer slipping breccia‐type gold deposit – a new type of gold deposit, defined recently in the northern margin of the Jiaolai Basin, Shandong Province, China – occurs in interlayer slip faults distributed along the basin margin. It has the features of large orebody thickness (ranging from 14 m to 46 m, with an average thickness of 30 m), shallow embedding (0–50 m thickness of cover), low tenor of gold ore (ranging from 3 g/t to 5 g/t), easy mining and ore dressing. This type of gold deposit has promising metallogenic forecasting and potential for economic exploitation. A ground gamma‐ray survey in the Pengjiakuang gold‐ore district indicates that the potassium/thorium ratio is closely related to the mineralization intensity, i.e. the larger the potassium/thorium ratio, the higher the mineralization. The gold mineralized alteration zone was defined by a potassium/thorium ratio of 0.35. A seismic survey confirms the location of the top and bottom boundaries and images various features within the Pengjiakuang gold mineralization belt. The gold‐bearing shovel slipped belt dips to the south at an angle of 50–55° at the surface and 15–20° at depth. The seismic profile is interpreted in terms of a structural band on the seismic section characterized by a three‐layered model. The upper layer is represented by weakly discontinuous reflections that represent the overlying conglomerates. A zone of stronger reflections representing the interlayer slip fault (gold‐bearing mineralized zone) is imaged within the middle of the section, while the strongest reflections are in the lower part of the section and represent metamorphic rocks at depth. At the same time, the seismic reflection survey confirms the existence of a granite body at depth, indicating that ore‐forming fluids may be related to the granite. A CSAMT survey showed that the gold‐bearing mineralized zone is a conductive layer and contains a low‐resistivity anomaly ranging from 2 Ωm to 200 Ωm.     

汶川大地震四种仪器观测到的异常现象及相关问题讨论

本文介绍了中国地震局地壳应力研究所研制的数字倾斜仪、断层形变仪、分量式钻孔应变仪和地热仪在5.12汶川大地震前观测到的异常资料.这些仪器出现异常的时间和幅度不同.其中,位于震中区什邡的数字倾斜仪在震前15天出现突变异常,异常幅度达到2007年年变化幅度的3.7倍.位于南北带南段彝良的倾斜仪的观测数据在震前18～22天发...     

Late Quaternary paleo sea level geomorphological markers of opposite vertical movements at Salina volcanic island (Aeolian Arc)

Raised marine terraces and submerged insular shelves are used through an integrated approach as markers of relative sea level changes along the flanks of the Salina volcanic island (Aeolian Arc, southern Italy) for the purpose of evaluating its crustal vertical deformation pattern through time. Paleo sea level positions are estimated for the terrace inner margins exposed subaerially at different elevations and the erosive shelf edges recognized offshore at different depths. Compared with the eustatic sea levels at the main highstands (for the terraces) and lowstands (for the shelf edges) derived from the literature, these paleo sea level markers allowed us to reconstruct the interplay among different processes shaping the flanks of the island and, in particular, to quantify the pattern, magnitudes and rates of vertical movements affecting the different sectors of Salina since the time of their formation. A uniform uplift process at rates of 0.35 m ka⁻¹ during the Last Interglacial is estimated for Salina (extended to most of the Aeolian Arc) as evidence of a regional (tectonic) vertical deformation affecting the sub-volcanic basement in a subduction-related geodynamic context. Before that, a dominant subsidence at rates of 0.39–0.56 m ka⁻¹ is instead suggested for the time interval between 465 ka (MIS 12) and the onset of the Last Interglacial (MIS 5.5, 124 ka). By matching the insular shelf edges with the main lowstands of the sea level curve, a relative age attribution is provided for the (mostly) submerged volcanic centres on which the deepest (and oldest) insular shelves were carved, with insights on the chronological development of the older stages of Salina and the early emergence of the island. The shift from subsidence to uplift at the Last Interglacial suggests a major geodynamic change and variation of the stress regime acting on the Aeolian sub-volcanic basement. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于区域生长法和变差函数的PolSAR影像山脊线提取

山脊线通常是地震引发的山地灾害的起始部位。在监测此类山地灾害时,需要明确山脊线所处位置,从而为制定出相关预防措施提供支持。根据实际经验,由于合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)的成像特殊性,在检测含建筑物的全极化SAR(Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar,PolSAR)影像山脊线时,往往受到高散射强度的建筑物干扰,从而出现误判。针对PolSAR影像中山脊线受到建筑物干扰出现误识的问题,提出一种结合区域生长法和变差函数的识别方法。在识别过程中,首先,对采集的PolSAR影像通过区域生长法进行分割处理,再通过模糊C均值(Fuzzy C-Means,FCM)分类方法对变差纹理等特征进行聚类分析,并进行相似度判断,获取建筑物区域,在此基础上,对比建筑物、山脊线的混分成分,进而提取山脊线。通过对该方法进行实验对比分析,发现其相较于阈值分割方法提取精度有明显提高,可以为PolSAR影像中山脊线识别提供一种新思路。     

2012年印尼8.6级地震应变地震波的Hilbert-Huang时频分析

本文通过端点效应压制的Hilbert-Huang变换, 对大同及沁源台布置的四分量钻孔应变仪记录的印尼8.6级地震激发的应变地震波形进行时频分析, 结果显示印尼8.6级地震的主震和8.2级余震的应变地震波序列各个震相具有不同的时频特征: ① 地震波到达之前的所谓“环境噪声”部分, 瞬时频率低, 瞬时振幅小; ② P波初至时, 高频成分突然增加, 振幅也随即增强; ③ S波到达时, 频率有所降低而振幅剧烈上升; ④ 面波到达时, 振幅进一步剧烈上升达到整个序列的极大值; ⑤ 尾波部分振幅逐渐降低, 但与噪声部分相比频率依然偏高, 振幅依然偏大。 本文也将应变地震波与地震仪记录的地震波进行对比, 虽然应变地震波与地震波波形和Fourier谱具有极高的相关系数, 但从Hilbert-Huang变换得到的边际谱上看, 应变地震波与地震波有显著的区别, 应变地震波比地震波记录的低频成分相对更多。 通过Hilbert谱, 有助于更好地了解非平稳信号的局部特征, 对于突变信号的地震波, Hilbert-Huang变换是一个较好的时频分析工具。     

Effect of polychromatic X‐ray microtomography imaging on the amino acid content of the Murchison CM chondrite

X‐ray microcomputed tomography (μCT) is a useful means of characterizing cosmochemical samples such as meteorites or robotically returned samples. However, there are occasional concerns that the use of μCT may be detrimental to the organic components of a chondrite. Small organic compounds such as amino acids comprise up to ~10% of the total solvent extractable carbon in CM carbonaceous chondrites. We irradiated three samples of the Murchison CM carbonaceous chondrite under conditions akin to and harsher than those typically used during typical benchtop X‐ray μCT imaging experiments to determine if detectable changes in the amino acid abundance and distribution relative to a nonexposed Murchison control sample occurred. After subjecting three meteorite samples to ionizing radiation dosages between ~300 Gray (Gy) and 3 kGy with bremstrahlung X‐rays, we analyzed the amino acid content of each sample. Within sampling and analytical errors, we cannot discern differences in the amino acid abundances and amino acid enantiomeric ratios when comparing the control samples (nonexposed Murchison) and the irradiated samples. We conclude that a polychromatic X‐ray μCT experiment does not alter the abundances of amino acids to a degree greater than how well those abundances are measured with our techniques and therefore any damage to amino acids is minimal.     

淮北新矿区新生界底部松散沉积物沉积特征及水理性质

分析了淮北新矿区新生界底部松散层沉积物沉积特征及水理性质,尤其是四含的岩性组合结构。在对各级粒径之间的相互掺杂进行统计的同时,对岩层的厚度,物理性质,水理性质,矿物形态及含量进行进一步的研究。得出结论：淮北煤田新矿区松散沉积物第四含水层是以下部合粘性土砂砾层和上部夹砂层的粘性土段组成。分布较稳定,但厚度和岩性有较大变化,主要受古地形和古地理位置的控制。各种粒级的沉积物相互掺杂,颗粒分布不均一,砂性土的有效粒径与其本身定名粒级相比低2～3个粒级,其透水性与比其低2个粒级沉积物相当。四含不仅具有隔水性,而且有较强的持水性。     

甘东南流动台阵微震监测结果

利用高密度宽频带流动台阵资料,应用网格搜索地震定位方法对甘东南2009年11月-2011年11月期间的微震进行了重新定位.在研究区内有3个以上台站记录到的微震共3 014个,比常规台网记录多1 693个.重新定位结果显示:在各断裂带附近地震分布更加密集,沿断裂呈带状或簇集状分布;震源深度分布优势范围为5～20 km,其平均深度为11 km;地震深度分布与断裂的关系密切,地震条带与断裂构造可以较好的相对应.     

巴州农区气候变化及其对农业生产的影响

分析了1960—2001年巴州农区年、季平均温度、降水的变化，结果表明：各地气候变化并不一致，大部分地区有温度升高、降水偏多的趋势。冬季的升温幅度明显大于其它季节，年平均温度的上升主要由冬季升温所致。