Sources and biogeochemical cycling of particulate selenium in the San Francisco Bay estuary

As part of a study of estuarine selenium cycling, we measured the concentration, chemical form (speciation), and distribution of particulate selenium under various river flow conditions in the North San Francisco Bay (from the Golden Gate to the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers). We also conducted laboratory studies on the accumulation of selenium by phytoplankton, the critical first step in the transformation of dissolved to particulate selenium. Total particulate selenium concentration in the North SF Bay was relatively constant between high and low flow periods, ranging spatially from 0.05 to 0.35 nmol l⁻¹ and comprising between 5 and 12% of the total water column selenium inventory. Mean concentrations were generally highest in the Carquinez Strait–Suisun Bay region (salinity 0–17) and lowest in Central Bay. However, selenium content of suspended particles varied with river flow, with higher content during low flow (9.76 ± 4.17 nmol g⁻¹; mean ± sd; n = 67) compared to high flow (7.10 ± 4.24 nmol g⁻¹; n = 39). Speciation analyses showed that most particulate selenium is organic selenide (45 ± 27%), with a smaller proportion (typically <30%) of adsorbed selenite + selenate and a varying proportion (35 ± 28%) of elemental selenium. Based on the amount of elemental selenium in the seston (total suspended material), we calculate that resuspension of estuarine sediments could contribute 29–100% of particulate selenium in the water column. While selenium content of SF Bay seston (>0.4 μm) is relatively unenriched compared to phytoplankton (13.6–155 nmol g⁻¹ dry weight) on a mass basis, when normalized to carbon or nitrogen, seston contains a similar selenium concentration to SF Bay sediments or phytoplankton cultures. SF Bay seston is thus comprised of selenium-rich phytoplankton and phyto-detritus, but also inorganic clay mineral particles that effectively “dilute” total particulate selenium. Selenium concentrations in algal cultures (11 species) exposed to 90 nmol l⁻¹ selenite show relatively large differences in selenium accumulation, with the diatoms, chlorophytes and cryptophytes generally having lower selenium cell content (3.8 ± 2.7 × 10⁻⁹ nmol selenium cell⁻¹) compared to the dinoflagellates (193 ± 73 × 10⁻⁹ nmol selenium cell⁻¹). Because phytoplankton are such a rich (but variable) source of selenium, their dynamics could have a profound effect on the particulate selenium inventory in the North SF Bay.     

Probable gas hydrate/free gas model over western continental margin of India

Multi-channel seismic reflection data from the western continental margin of India (WCMI) have been analyzed to construct a plausible model for gas hydrate formation. A reflector at 2950 ms two way travel time (TWT) on one of the sections is interpreted to represent the base of the layer of the methane hydrate, identified by a bottom simulating reflector (BSR) that lies almost 500 ms beneath the sea floor. BSRs of similar origin are common world wide, where they are usually interpreted to mark the base of gas hydrate bearing clastic sediment, with or without underlying free gas. In this study we present a model with the contrasting physical properties that produce synthetic wavelets that match with the observed BSR amplitude and waveforms for varying source-receiver offsets of multi-channel seismic reflection data. The preliminary results presented here put important constraints on models that predict the distribution and formation of hydrate. Offset-dependent amplitude recovery also gives an appropriate response for hydrate characterization.     

碳水化合物的组合合成

碳水化合物的组合合成是一项新兴技术，该技术可以在短时间内合成大量用于进行生物活性筛选的寡糖及拟糖物。液相与固相合成技术可以极大地加快药物研究与开发进程。作者针对该技术在碳水化合物合成方面的研究进展情况进行讨论。     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of floating toroidal bodies

The paper deals with the linearized exciting wave forces and hydrodynamic coefficients of a toroidal body floating in water of finite depth. For the solution of the diffraction and the radiation problems the flow field around the body is subdivided into ring-shaped fluid regions, in each of which axisymmetric eigenfunction expansions for the velocity potential is made. By implementing Galerkin's method the various potential solutions are matched and numerical results concerning the exciting wave forces and the hydrodynamic coefficients in all modes of motion are obtained.     

黄海区水母类的生态研究

本文根据１９８２年４月２１日～５月１２日，７月２３日～８月５日，１０月１２～３０日在３４°３０′Ｎ以北．１２４°Ｅ以西黄海水域污染现状综合调查中获得的样品和资料，分析了本海区水母类的种类组成，数量分布以及季节变化。调查海区共鉴定有３４种水母，其中优势种有盘形美螅水母Ｃｌｙｔｉａｄｉｓｃｏｉｄａ，四枝管水母Ｐｒｏｂｏｓｃｉｄａｃｔｙｌａｆｌａｖｉｃｉｒｒａｔａ，五角水母Ｍｕｇｇｉａｅａａｔｔａｎｔｉｃａ。秋季（１０月）为水母类总个体数的高峰期（８．６７个／ｍ３）。水母类的分布与水温、盐度密切相关，海流或水团也起重要作用．水母类分布的变更可以反映出沿岸水和外海水相互推移和消长状况。     

植物硅酸体的研究及在我国第四纪地质学中的初步应用

本文简述了国外植物硅酸体(植物蛋白石)这门新兴学科的进展情况,介绍了植物硅酸体研究在我国第四纪地质学中如古气候与古环境、地层时代、考古等方面的初步应用。     

南沙群岛海区冬夏季中、深层海流的计算

根据１９８８年夏季和１９８９年冬季南沙群岛海区两个航次的温、盐度调查资料，运用β螺旋方法对调查海区的海流进行了计算。计算结果表明，该海区表、中层环流相对比较一致，深层流动状态与表、中层的差异较大，其中的局地环流的季节变化不明显。此外，在北康暗沙与南薇滩之间，夏季中、深层和冬季深层都明显反映出存在着一个迄今未见报道的局地反气旋式环流。文章对上述结果与该海区已有的一些海流分析结果作了比较。     

台湾暖流水(团)夏季T-S特征和来源的初步分析

在濒临我国闽、浙两省的东海陆架西部海域。终年存在着一股自南北上、具有高盐特性的外海水(图1),它是该海域的主要水团。它的消长和运移,对陆架西部海域的水文状况有着十分显著的影响,我国东南沿海渔场位置的变动以及气候的变化等也与之密切相关。因此,对这股高盐水的研究具有很重要的现实意义,很早就受到了国内、外海洋学者的重视。 较长期来,这股高盐水的名称及涵义一直较为混乱,有称“中间暖水”,或称“黑潮北上分支水”,也称“台湾暖水”和“台湾暖流水”等等。本文根据这股高盐水的来源和特性,采用了“台湾暖流水”这一名称。 关于台湾暖流水,国内、外海洋学者已相继作过一些研究。早在1894年,C.O.MaKapo?曾根据1886-1889年“勇士”号的调查结果指出:“在东海西部有一支黑潮分支出来的中间暖水”。1932年,安井善一在其研究上海一长崎间水温、盐度年变化的著作中曾提到:“在中国大陆沿岸有一黑潮水的分支北上,其温、盐度的性质与日本近岸的黑潮水系相近”。其后,许多日本海洋学者,诸如宇田道隆、辻田時美、井上尚文,深濑茂、松官义晴、中尾徹、以及西田英男等人在研究东海水文状况和水团结构的著作中,都先后在不同程度上对台湾暖流水作过一些概要的分析。 自本世纪五十年代末期以来,我国海洋科学工作者在研究中国近海水文基本特征的同时,也对台湾暖流水作了一些研究,但因受资料限制,这些研究仅局限于分析台湾暖流水在28°N以北、124°E以西海域内的分布和变化特性,而未能探讨其全貌。 近年来,在东海陆架西部海域的海洋水文调査逐渐増多,已经积累了一些观测资料，本文试图根据目前所能收集到的1958-1977年间的资料,对台湾暖流水夏季的温、盐特性及来源作一初步探讨。     

海带几个不同种的雌性克隆对高温的适应力

每几个不同种的雌性克隆对高温(22℃、24℃、26℃)的适应力有所差异。大西洋沿岸的Laminariahyperhoren和L.sacchrina雌性克隆较太平洋沿岸的L.japonica、L.angustata和L.ochotensis雌性克隆明显地不耐高温,遗传性的不同是造成这种差异的主要原因。这种遗传性差异是海带长期自然选择的结果。同一物种L.japonica和L.japonicaCⅡ两种雌性克隆在24℃条件下,在第24天其死亡率分别是40.2％和25.2％,X~2=12.25,P<0.001,差异是高度显著的,说明这种不同是遗传性不同所致,而且属于物种内部的差异。     

海洋岛海域水温异常波动与养殖栉孔扇贝死亡的关系

本文对海洋岛海域水温异常波动,与该海域养殖栉孔扇贝大批死亡的关系,进行了研究。首先,总结了几年来海洋岛海域养殖栉孔扇贝死亡的特征。其次,结合水温观测数据分析了水温异常波动与栉孔扇贝大批死亡的关系。得出的结论是:大幅度、跳跃型水温异常波动是导致扇贝死亡主要原因。最后,通过生物试验证实了上述观点。