美国通量科学计划中的美国长期通量观测网(2/98)

1　引言对全球碳循环了解得不够 ,导致未来大气ＣＯ2 浓度预测的不确定性增加。人们一直认为 ,陆地生态系统对矿物燃料燃烧所释放的ＣＯ2 有较大的净吸收 ,并用此解释矿物燃料燃烧和森林砍伐导致大气中ＣＯ2 量增加的原因。海洋对大气中ＣＯ2 有吸收作用 ,但观测事实表明两者并不平衡 ,即所谓的“碳损失”现象。现在人们主张用陆地生态系统对矿物燃料燃烧释放出的ＣＯ2 有较大的净吸收来解释这一现象。大气中ＣＯ2 的累积速率存在较大的年际和 10ａ(年代 )际的时间尺度变化 ,我们目前尚不能确切地定量的解释这些观测事实。因为不同的解释意…     

新疆及邻区Pn速度层析成像

利用新疆及邻区2万多条Pn射线的走时资料,采用层析成像的方法反演该地区上地幔顶部的Pn速度结构.主要结果是:①新疆地区平均h速度为.2km/s,高于中国大陆地区的平均值(.0km/s),速度变化量从-0.3km/s到0.2km/s.②准噶尔盆地是明显的高Pn速度区,高速区与地貌形状吻合较好,最大值达.4km/s;塔里木盆地整体上呈现高速异常二者都可能与盆地是稳定地块、构造活动和变形较弱有关.③在盆地与山脉的交接带即主要的构造活动带,存在较低的Pn速度,可达7.9km/s.④塔里木南缘中部存在一显著的低速区,可能与岩浆活动和构造活动较强有关.⑤上地幔顶部波速各向异性整体上盆地中心较弱,边缘地带较强.新疆南部波速的各向异性可能是因印度板块对欧亚大陆的碰撞使地幔物质向北蠕动的结果.     

运用三维运动学模型对行星际磁场南北分量的预测

提出一种可能产生行星际磁场南北分量扰动的物理机制,并将此物理机制运用于三维运动学模型,对原模型作了改进. 使用改进后的模型模拟研究了1997年5月12日06:30UT爆发的晕状(halo)日冕物质抛射(CME)事件对行星际磁场和等离子体的扰动,以及1978-1981年间17个与CME有关的行星际扰动事件. 在17个事件中有14个事件可准确预测出行星际磁场南北分量的方向,准确率为82%. 结果表明,模型计算出的行星际磁场南北分量的扰动方向与观测的方向是基本一致的.     

橄榄石-尖晶石相转变流变学的实验研究

对(Mgx,Ni1-x)2GeO4系统中橄榄石-尖晶石两相混合物的流变性进行了实验研究.利用不同温压条件对混合物进行热压,得到的橄榄石和尖晶石的比例不同.温度为1 573K,试件的化学组成从x=0.95-0.70时,得到的两相材料从100%橄榄石到100%尖晶石.三轴压缩试件为圆柱状,直径8mm,两相混合物的平均颗粒尺寸为2.21-9.43μm.流变学试验在气体介质试验机中进行,围压为300MPa,温度为1 073-1 573K.试验分为常应力和常位移率两种,差应力σ1-σ3为45-320MPa,应变率在2.8×10-6-2.8×10-5s-1之间,将实验测得的混合物力学性质与两端材料的强度进行对比,发现两相多晶介质的强度介于两端材料的强度之间.当橄榄石到尖晶石的相变发生在变形过程中时,尖晶石比率的增加使得多晶材料的总体强度上升.     

相关长度增长的观测作为大震前临界点特征的指标

利用空间相关长度检验了地震的临界点理论。临界点附近的系统与符合幂函数式破裂时间关系的相关长度发散有关。我们利用单链群分析法直接从地震目录中估算相关长度。因此,我们假设中等地震的分布反映了区域应力场的状态。分析的参数由优化程序确定,所得结果对照产生震中、震级和余震的实际分布的泊松过程进行了检测。并对加州1952年以来发生的所有 M≥6.5地震作了系统分析。事实上我们在多数情况下观测到了增长的相关长度。随机数据中可以发现这一特征的零假设以99%的置信水平被否定。我们进而发现主震震级 M 与临界区 R(主震前相关长度〈ξ_(max)〉)之间的尺度关系 log R～0.7M(log〈ξ_(max)〉)～0.5M)与理论值有很好的一致性。     

九州背弧冲绳海槽东北缘附近地幔顶层层析成像的低速异常

用联合反演三维速度结构与震源参数的方法确定日本西南部九州背弧层析图象。成像中使用的是从日本西部到中国东部广大区域内305个地震台记录的2736个地方震的初至到时资料。同时补充使用了357个远震的到时。在北纬30°～34°和东经128°～132°范围至少深达150km 范围内,我们得到了高分辨率的地幔顶层的 P 波层析图象。反演结果揭示出九州岛以西近海40～100km 深度范围内有一个大的强低速带。这种特征可能是由延展的冲绳海槽东北缘地区热地幔上涌产生的部分熔融引起的。     

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND STREAM POWER

1 INTRODUCTION There are three basic energy dissipation rate approaches used for the derivation of sediment transport functions. They are the gravitational power theory by Velikanov (1954), the stream power theory by Bagnold (1966), and the unit stream power theory by Yang (1973, 1979, 1984, and 1986). The theoretical basis of these approaches has been summarized by Yang (1996) in his book, Sediment Transport Theory and Practice. Yang also made comparisons of the three basic approa…     

华北克拉通基底构造单元特征及早元古代拼合

华北克拉通基底可分为东部陆块、西部陆块和中部带. 西部陆块是由其南部的鄂尔多斯陆块和北部的阴山陆块沿华北西部孔兹岩带在早元古代(~1.9 Ga)碰撞对接而成. 在~1.85 Ga, 西部陆块与东部陆块沿中部带发生碰撞拼合而形成现今的华北克拉通统一结晶基底.     

IMPROVEMENTS OF A DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGY MODEL DHSVM AND ITS CLIMATOLOGICAL-HYDROLOGICAL OFF-LINE SIMULATIONAL EXPERIMENTS

The advanced distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model DHSVM,developed by Wigmostaet al.(1994)is introduced from US Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.To apply DHSVM inChina for the first time some improvements have been made in terms of the basin characteristics:1)to change evapotranspiration model,using the improved Penman-Monteith approach in place ofthe original one;2)to change the model structure,inserting datasets from 4 stations to grid cellsfor each river basin,instead of datasets from one or two stations;3)to develop new hydrology,vegetation and soil parameterization schemes for improving the simulated results,with focus oncalculation and adjustment of 11 parameters,such as soil porosity (?),field capacity θ_(fc),leaf areaindex LAI,stochastic resistance γ_s,among the total 33 parameters.Then the improved DHSVM isdriven by observed datasets for Luanhe River Basin and Sanggan River Basin,respectively.Thesimulated evapotranspiration(ET),runoff,snow water equivalent,water table,soil moisture andpercolation are then gained as DHSVM outputs.The simulated ET shows that the highest peakappears in May or June instead of July or August.This is consistent with the real situations,owing to the improvement of ET model.The simulated runoff process and flood peak are quiteconsistent with the observed ones.The model efficiency values for Luanhe River and SangganRiver Basins are 0.89 and 0.82,respectively,which shows high simulating ability of the modelsystem for both relatively humid and dry basins.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS BY NESTING HYDROLOGY MODEL DHSVM WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL RegCM2/CHINA

Based on improvement of a distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model (DHSVM for short)and its application to North China,a nested regional climatic-hydrologic model system is developedby connecting DHSVM with RegCM2/China.The simulated climate scenarios,including controland 2×CO_2 outputs,are downscaled to 8 stations in Luanhe River and Sanggan River Basins todrive the hydrology model.According to simulation results,under double CO_2 scenarios,annualmean temperature and evapotranspiration will increase 2.8C and 29 mm,respectively;precipitation also increase but with different value for each basin,6 mm for Luanhe River Basinwhile 46 mm for Sanggan River Basin;runoff change for the two basins is different too,27 mmdecrease for Luanhe River Basin while 26 mm increase for Sanggan River Basin.As a result,therunoff in future for Luanhe River Basin and Sanggan River Basin will be 74 mm and 71 mm,respectively,which is approximately a quarter of annual mean runoff(284 mm)of the wholecountry.Total streamflow for the two basins will decrease about 2.5×10~8m~3.All these indicatethat the warm and dry trend will continue in the two river basins under double CO_2 scenarios.Thenested model system,with both climatic and hydrologic prediction ability,could also be applied toother basins in China by parameter adjustment.