The distribution of urban population and income: Explorations using six asian cases

Urban concentration (or primacy) and inequality (in size distribution of income) are expected to follow bell shaped curves through the development process. Spatial convergence (through investments in transportation etc.) is expected to precede income convergence. Using longitudinal data from six Asian countries (Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and India) this paper shows that (i) the bell shapes for urban concentration and income inequality generally hold, and (ii) the temporal relationship between the curve peaks is determined by geographical factors (for urban concentration); income inequality is seen to be more policy amenable.     

A case for internal migration policy in India

Migration helps to minimize regional, socioeconomic, and cultural disparities, and is considered to be an integral component of the development process. Migration helps to diffuse development, technology, and innovations from more developed areas or cities to rural or less developed areas. Little attention, however, has been paid to migration policy in India. Most studies on migration in India either describe the patterns of migration or analyze reasons for the moves. This paper discusses why migration takes place, what are the consequences of migration, whether India has a migration policy, whether India needs a migration policy, and what type of policy is required. The development and entrenchment of urban slums in India is related to the country's lack of migration policy. A two-pronged policy on migration is thus proposed which would ensure employment opportunities and an improved standard of living in rural areas, while taking into account the planning of cities and city surroundings. Rural areas and small towns need to be provided with more employment opportunities, financial and technological support to process raw materials, infrastructure for agricultural service centers, better education and other facilities to improve local living standards, and the diffusion of industries from big cities to district headquarters and medium-size towns. Commensurate efforts should be made in urban centers to prevent the future development of slums.     

塔里木板块周缘晚古生代以来的构造演化

塔里木板块在晚古生代以来,经历了一系列碰撞和拼合事件,受北侧哈萨克斯坦－准噶尔板块碰撞的影响,南天山石炭纪再生洋盆于早二叠世末隆起,并导致天山山前陆盆地形成。这一时期塔木西部强烈的热活动事件,反映了一次地壳开裂活动,并导致天山山前的前陆盆地形成,这一时期里木西部强烈的热活动事件,反映了一次地壳开裂活动,同时进一步推动了塔里木向天山下插的陆内俯冲活动及前陆盆地的形成,中生代时期,特提斯洋盆的活动及先     

Isotopic analyses of nitrogenous compounds from the Murchison meteorite: ammonia, amines, amino acids, and polar hydrocarbons

The combined volatile bases (ammonia, aliphatic amines, and possibly other bases), ammonia, amino acids, and polar hydrocarbons were prepared from the Murchison meteorite for isotopic analyses. The volatile bases were obtained by cryogenic transfer after acid-hydrolysis of a hot-water extract and analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of pentafluoropropionyl derivatives. The aliphatic amines present in this preparation comprise a mixture that includes both primary and secondary isomers through C5 at a total concentration of > or = 100 nmoles g-1. As commonly observed for meteoritic organic compounds, almost all isomers through C5 are present, and the concentrations within homologous series decrease with increasing chain length. Ammonia was chromatographically separated from the other volatile bases and found at a concentration of 1.1-1.3 micromoles g-1 meteorite. The ammonia analyzed includes contributions from ammonium salts and the hydrolysis of extractable organic compounds, e.g., carboxamides. Stable isotope analyses showed the volatile bases to be substantially enriched in the heavier isotopes, relative to comparable terrestrial compounds delta D < or = +1221%; delta 13C = +22%; delta 15N = +93%). Ammonia, per se, was found to have a somewhat lower delta 15N value (+69%) than the total volatile bases; consequently, a higher delta 15N (>93%) can be inferred for the other bases, which include the amines. Solvent-extractable polar hydrocarbons obtained separately were found to be enriched in 15N (delta 15N = +104%). Total amino acids, prepared from a hydrolyzed hot-water extract by cation exchange chromatography, gave a delta 15N of +94%, a value in good agreement with that obtained previously. Nitrogen isotopic data are also given for amino acid fractions separated chromatographically. The delta 15N values of the Murchison soluble organic compounds analyzed to date fall within a rather narrow range (delta 15N = +94 +/- 8%), an observation consistent with their formation, or formation of their precursors, by interstellar chemistry.     

两个自由度的滑块——弹簧模型中的幕式无震滑动

设想了一种两个自由度的滑块——弹簧模型，其中的2个滑块(滑块1和滑块2)由一根弹簧连接，并由一个慢慢移动的传动装置驱动。假设采用与速率和状态相关的摩擦定律，设定摩擦参数，使滑块1发生动态失稳。当摩擦参数接近稳定性转换点时，滑块2就会发生幕式无震滑动。在地震间隔期，当应力累积到大约稳态水平时，滑块2就开始缓慢滑动。随着振幅波动的衰减而成为稳态值，应力和滑动速度会发生准静态振荡。振荡衰减可能是自2001年以来日本东海地区观测到的幕式无震滑动的合理的产生机制。我们还在不同摩擦性质相互作用的双滑块模型的基础上，设想了板块边界上的各种滑动模式。     

From a mountain-rural to a plains-urban society: implications of the 1981 Nepalese Census

Preliminary results of the 1981 Nepal census are analyzed as to urbanization and population movement to the Terai. Noting the substantial shift in the pattern of Nepal's population distribution occurring between 1971-81, and projecting these rates of change for the future, the paper reports a process of transformation wherein Nepal is shifting from a rural hill and mountain society to an urban-subtropical plains (Terai) state. While the flow of migrants to urban areas and the Terai region is well known, the increase in rate of change poses a serious challenge for the Nepalese government. Economic development planning must readjust its goals and assumptions to take into account the massive metamorphosis that is occurring in Nepal. Development efforts aimed at rural hill and mountain areas may need to be reevaluated in light of the changing distribution of population.     

利用潜艇发射的“罗盘号”小卫星进行地震预报研究的总体构想

小卫星系统对探测全球及区域地质断层、研究矿产资源及预报破坏性地震(火山喷发)具有特别重要的意义。第一颗“罗盘”(COMPASS)号小卫星重约80kg,计划发射到400km 高、倾角为79°的圆形轨道上。通过它可实现从地面到空间震前前兆的协调监测,在此基础上可发展自然灾害的监测预报方法。以下就是有关该卫星系统的测量、设备和总体构思的详细介绍。     

在美国太平洋海岸西北部消除惊慌

科学家最近发现有力的证据说明，在过去几千年里，特大地震(震级8～9级)重复发生在美国的太平洋海岸西北部，最近的一次发生在300年前。这个发现已经促使人们加固现有的建筑并修改这个地区的建筑规范。这些措施在未来地震中将挽救生命，减少损失。     

根据局部复发时间探索日本关东和东海地区大地震最可能的位置

检验了这样一个假设:局部地震复发时间极小值T_L和等效的局部概率极大值P_L可用来测绘日本关东和东海地区的凹凸体。在这两个地区,国家地球科学与灾害预防研究所(NIED)的地震目录在M=1.5(M1.5)级以上是完整的。以网格间距为0.01°的各节点20km内的地震计算α值和b值,以此为基础绘出M7目标地震的T_L(P_L)图。只选用了上部33km深度内的地震。在若干地区,随着深度的增加b值显著上升。因此,若整个地壳孕震区的数据混到一起的话,有些T_L(P_L))异常就不会被揭示出来。这样,我们对顶部15km和其余深度范围,以及整个地壳孕震区分别测绘了T_L(P_L)。所得的T_L和P_L图表明,整个区域约有12％呈现出异常短的复发时间。在1890年以来发生的6个M≥6.5的目标浅震中,5个位于T_L<450年的异常区内。我们将此解释为具有异常短T_L的地区勾划出了凹凸体,未来这些地区比其他地区更有可能发生目标地震。该结果系由偶然性造成的可能性几乎不存在。1923年关东特大地震的破裂似乎发端于我们在研究区内所绘出的最为显著的凹凸体之中。一个异常位于未来可能的东海地震破裂区的东北部,另一异常位于其西南角上。计算出的T_L绝对值是不确定的,因为它们取决于计算所用区域的大小。     

Analysis of the Statistical Behaviour of Daily Maximum and Monthly Rainfall Data at New Delhi During Monsoon Period

1．IRt回*CtZOllIndian Summer Monsoon Varlablllty Is a muchdscussed and researched field,yet thereIs a considerable scope IOr further work and It Is understanding．The south—west monsoonwhich contributes more than 75%of the annual ra!nfa!lin a major port!on of Ind!a,Is thespring of!he nallonaleconomy．The ralnmH has Qo sustain山e Increasing needs ofagrlculturelrrlgatlon,the Increasing population and the rapid Industrlallsatlon．It Is lowever noted thatthe monsoon rainfall over differe…