造山运动和板块相对运动:日本岛的实例

基于海洋板块与欧亚板块之间相衬运动(Engebretson等,1982)和地面地质的原阅,亚洲东缘日本附近、过去二亿五千万年的古地理已被重建.板块运动与造山运动之间的关系士口下: 钙碱岩桨活动与板块消减的存在有关.当板块的边界是一个转换断层时,那里就没有火山活动.收敛速度太慢,不能引起岩浆活动.RFT类型的三联点或脊状消减的运移会引起海槽附近弧前的火山活动,也会形成一个较宽的火山带. 低尸/T类型的区域变质带的隆起与碰撞期有关.相反,高尸/T类型蓝闪片岩带的隆起与它们不同期.后者似乎与一个RFT类型的三联点迁移后的年轻板块开始消减有关.因为一个大的增生复合体与此同时形成,而且常常可以观测到在这个隆起的变质带下年轻的增生复合体的逆冲现象,所以较老的增生复合体下方年轻的增生复合体,应是高尸/T类型变质带隆起的原因.于是,一个年轻板块的俯冲是引起这些造山事件的重要因素.高速的针向收敛也导致了一个可能沿着动力板块边界弧前分布、含有蓝闪石片岩碎屑的、蛇纹岩;昆杂岩带的形成.     

甚短期预报——观测、方法和系统

即时预极(Nowcasting)是指对当时的天气状况的监测并对0—2小时内的天气作外推预报,甚短期预报(very-short-range forecasting)是指0—12小时内的天气预报,被认为是未来20—30年天气预报发展的方向之一。这两种预报出现和迅速发展有两个主要原因:现在和将来要求预报的内容(时、空强度)愈来愈具体,而造成强烈灾害性天气,很多是尺度很小、生命期很短的中小尺度系统。这种天气系统的可预报性一般只有几小时或十几小时,不能用一般的短期预报方法解决,而只能依据雷达、卫星和地面中尺度网等资料,根据实况和有关的中尺度系统的概念模式来外推或预报出天气未来演变位置。在外推中还要考虑其它因子影响(如地形、边界层等状况)来估计天气系统的生消和加强过程,因此还要现代化信息收集和处理系统。本文摘自 WMO 第621号技术报告(1983)。     

OSLO裂谷重力资料解释中的理想体概念及其与地震观测的关系

Parker 的理想体概念提供了一种在重力解释中给出严格限制的确定界限的方法.这种方法已经被利用到通过 OSLO 地堑的重力剖面上,在那里一个明显的轴向重力高以前被解释为地壳变薄以及存在一个高密度的、地幔导出的古裂谷软层或软流层岩石的综合效应。高密度侵入体的存在以及大致位置通常是由地球化学和岩石学的资料所证实的。根据 Parker 的方法的解释证实了在中下部位的地壳里存在一个高密度体的模型。但是在从 NORSAR 台阵资料的3—D 反演得到上地幔里的地震速度异常与这类异常仅仅显示出一个弱的相关并且在波罗的海地盾下面却似乎仅了解较宽的速度变化。在走时反演与重力异常之间在定性方面是吻合的,而在中下部地壳物质中,速度与密度之间的复杂关系只能利用两组数据使侵入体推测的深度达到定量上的一致。     

南苏格兰磁变异和磁大地电流的调查

20台二维装置的高夫—雷西尔磁力仪(Gough—Reitzel)已于1973年和1974—5年在南苏格兰地区进行了周期范围为10—10000秒的磁力仪观测。本文将从感应矢量和推断结果等值线两方面的研究来分析地磁资料。文中认为,与 Eskdalemuir 异常有关的良导电结构的横向变异比之早先研究提出的要更复杂些,在平行于狭窄条带和南 Uplands 断层南部,可以看出在电性结构上有一个明显的间断点.这个条带与主要重力异常及地壳地震测深上很陡的梯度有关,其他的间断点都在 Northumberland 盆地附近。作为磁大地电流以及 M—T 资料的 Monte Carlo 一维反演的典型例子,是用这些间断点划分出三个地区。它们表明,这些地区的各侧的导电条带与深度大于24km 的 Eskdalmuir 异常有关,这些地区有壳内良导层。     

太古宙地壳基底的铀富集与上冲断层

在巴西巴伊亚州卡蒂特(Caetite)东北部的拉戈阿罗尔(Lagoa Roal)地区,堆积U_3O_8100,000公吨的铀矿床,产在横切太古宙基底片麻岩的韧性剪切带中。片麻岩的年龄为26亿—30亿年,变质相为角闪岩相到麻粒岩相。一般认为这种岩石形成在接近地壳基底的地方。比起上地壳,其铀的亏损特别明显。在拉戈阿罗尔的东部和西     

The distribution of urban population and income: Explorations using six asian cases

Urban concentration (or primacy) and inequality (in size distribution of income) are expected to follow bell shaped curves through the development process. Spatial convergence (through investments in transportation etc.) is expected to precede income convergence. Using longitudinal data from six Asian countries (Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and India) this paper shows that (i) the bell shapes for urban concentration and income inequality generally hold, and (ii) the temporal relationship between the curve peaks is determined by geographical factors (for urban concentration); income inequality is seen to be more policy amenable.     

A case for internal migration policy in India

Migration helps to minimize regional, socioeconomic, and cultural disparities, and is considered to be an integral component of the development process. Migration helps to diffuse development, technology, and innovations from more developed areas or cities to rural or less developed areas. Little attention, however, has been paid to migration policy in India. Most studies on migration in India either describe the patterns of migration or analyze reasons for the moves. This paper discusses why migration takes place, what are the consequences of migration, whether India has a migration policy, whether India needs a migration policy, and what type of policy is required. The development and entrenchment of urban slums in India is related to the country's lack of migration policy. A two-pronged policy on migration is thus proposed which would ensure employment opportunities and an improved standard of living in rural areas, while taking into account the planning of cities and city surroundings. Rural areas and small towns need to be provided with more employment opportunities, financial and technological support to process raw materials, infrastructure for agricultural service centers, better education and other facilities to improve local living standards, and the diffusion of industries from big cities to district headquarters and medium-size towns. Commensurate efforts should be made in urban centers to prevent the future development of slums.     

塔里木板块周缘晚古生代以来的构造演化

塔里木板块在晚古生代以来,经历了一系列碰撞和拼合事件,受北侧哈萨克斯坦－准噶尔板块碰撞的影响,南天山石炭纪再生洋盆于早二叠世末隆起,并导致天山山前陆盆地形成。这一时期塔木西部强烈的热活动事件,反映了一次地壳开裂活动,并导致天山山前的前陆盆地形成,这一时期里木西部强烈的热活动事件,反映了一次地壳开裂活动,同时进一步推动了塔里木向天山下插的陆内俯冲活动及前陆盆地的形成,中生代时期,特提斯洋盆的活动及先     

Isotopic analyses of nitrogenous compounds from the Murchison meteorite: ammonia, amines, amino acids, and polar hydrocarbons

The combined volatile bases (ammonia, aliphatic amines, and possibly other bases), ammonia, amino acids, and polar hydrocarbons were prepared from the Murchison meteorite for isotopic analyses. The volatile bases were obtained by cryogenic transfer after acid-hydrolysis of a hot-water extract and analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of pentafluoropropionyl derivatives. The aliphatic amines present in this preparation comprise a mixture that includes both primary and secondary isomers through C5 at a total concentration of > or = 100 nmoles g-1. As commonly observed for meteoritic organic compounds, almost all isomers through C5 are present, and the concentrations within homologous series decrease with increasing chain length. Ammonia was chromatographically separated from the other volatile bases and found at a concentration of 1.1-1.3 micromoles g-1 meteorite. The ammonia analyzed includes contributions from ammonium salts and the hydrolysis of extractable organic compounds, e.g., carboxamides. Stable isotope analyses showed the volatile bases to be substantially enriched in the heavier isotopes, relative to comparable terrestrial compounds delta D < or = +1221%; delta 13C = +22%; delta 15N = +93%). Ammonia, per se, was found to have a somewhat lower delta 15N value (+69%) than the total volatile bases; consequently, a higher delta 15N (>93%) can be inferred for the other bases, which include the amines. Solvent-extractable polar hydrocarbons obtained separately were found to be enriched in 15N (delta 15N = +104%). Total amino acids, prepared from a hydrolyzed hot-water extract by cation exchange chromatography, gave a delta 15N of +94%, a value in good agreement with that obtained previously. Nitrogen isotopic data are also given for amino acid fractions separated chromatographically. The delta 15N values of the Murchison soluble organic compounds analyzed to date fall within a rather narrow range (delta 15N = +94 +/- 8%), an observation consistent with their formation, or formation of their precursors, by interstellar chemistry.     

两个自由度的滑块——弹簧模型中的幕式无震滑动

设想了一种两个自由度的滑块——弹簧模型，其中的2个滑块(滑块1和滑块2)由一根弹簧连接，并由一个慢慢移动的传动装置驱动。假设采用与速率和状态相关的摩擦定律，设定摩擦参数，使滑块1发生动态失稳。当摩擦参数接近稳定性转换点时，滑块2就会发生幕式无震滑动。在地震间隔期，当应力累积到大约稳态水平时，滑块2就开始缓慢滑动。随着振幅波动的衰减而成为稳态值，应力和滑动速度会发生准静态振荡。振荡衰减可能是自2001年以来日本东海地区观测到的幕式无震滑动的合理的产生机制。我们还在不同摩擦性质相互作用的双滑块模型的基础上，设想了板块边界上的各种滑动模式。