青海省天然草地退化及其环境影响分析

根据青海省"三江源地区"和"环青海湖地区"典型生态区域1987-2004年代表性牧草观测站植被监测资料和地面气象数据,结合NOAA/AVHRR卫星遥感数据以及调查数据,分析了两区域十几年来草地退化特征.结果表明:中度以上退化草地面积平均以20×10⁴hm²·a^-1的速度递增,草地生产力<750 kg·hm^-2的草地面积占全省面积的26.99%.三江源地区牧草产量以4.48～16.48 kg·a^-1趋势减少,高度以0.16～0.80 cm·a^-1的趋势降低,优势牧草株数的线性递减率分别为11株.a^-1和16株.a^-1,莎草科牧草开花期和籽粒成熟期的发育百分率下降25～50个百分点;环青海湖地区牧草产量以3.05～4.64 kg·a^-1趋势减少,高度以0.75～1.28 cm·a^-1趋势降低,以禾本科牧草为代表的优良牧草在群落中的比重分别下降了1%～3%,位于青海湖以南地区的温性草原类和温性荒漠类,递减率分别为0.25%·a^-1和0.38%·a^-1.青海省天然草地退化主要是在自然和人为因素等作用下发生的,在自然因素中气候的暖干化趋势是草地退化的重要因素,表现在影响牧草的生育期、产量以及草地的群体结构的变化,而20世纪90年代以来极端天气、气候灾害的增多,进一步加剧了草地的退化;人为控制因素中,表现在草畜季节不平衡造成的超载过牧、人口增长以及草地不均匀的放牧压力等,进一步加剧天然草地生态功能的退化.     

Diurnal SST warming in the Bay of Biscay: satellite measurements and model prediction

INTRODUCTIONIt has long been recognized that a diurnal thermal cycle occurs in the upper layer of the ocean(Stommel et al., 1969; Price and Weller, 1986). Interest in the subject has revived in recentyears due to the importance of resolving the diurnal cycle for correctly coupling the ocean and atmosphere (Lukas, 1991 ). While the study of the diurnal cycle is of intrinsic scientific interest, italso offers the benefit to remote sensing scientists of identifying the bias caused by the di…     

断层对沾化凹陷馆陶组石油运移和聚集影响的模拟实验研究

在沾化凹陷馆陶组油气成藏地质研究基础上, 利用二维模型模拟了断层开启条件下, 断层对馆陶组石油运移和聚集的影响. 研究结果表明: (1) 断层带的流体运动方式和运动相态对馆陶组石油的运移路径和方式构成重要的影响.连续(稳态) 充注条件下, 油首先充注断层带, 然后在馆陶组上段顶部侧向运移, 最后一部分油沿馆陶组下段砂层的顶部侧向运移. 但幕式(非稳态) 充注条件下, 油首先充注断层下部和馆陶组下段→充注断层上部, 并在馆陶组下段侧向运移→充注馆陶组上段, 并在其中侧向运移. 另外油/水两相充注时, 由于水动力的作用, 导致油和水的运移出现分异现象; (2) 连续(稳态) 充注条件下, 油的侧向运移发生在隔层上部(馆陶组上段) 砂层, 而幕式(非稳态) 充注条件下, 馆陶组上、下段均发生了侧向运移, 其中单一油相充注时, 下部砂层油的侧向运移量大于上部砂层, 而油/水两相充注时, 上部砂层侧向运移量稍大于下部砂层; (3) 连续(稳态) 充注时有利于馆陶组上段砂层油的聚集, 而幕式(非稳态) 充注时则有利于馆陶组下段砂层油的聚集. 另外由于水动力作用的影响, 油水两相充注时, 有利于馆陶组上段油的聚集.      

评论：对新马德里地震带地震危险性评估的修正要慎之又慎

在1811～1812年之间的冬季,中密西西比河谷经历了3次强震,即新马德里地震序列。北美中部和东部均感到震动,地表景观产生了显著的变化,其中包括密西西比河河道的暂时改道及森林地带的大面积沉降。认真分析这些记录完好的地震影     

沙丘地貌学

沙丘地貌学革命的十年 15年前,Cook 和 Warran(1973)就指出,在荒漠研究方面,通过调查获得资料,然后以大量相互混淆的术语进行肤浅的描述来解释地貌现象仍然是地貌学家的主要手段。     

Use of Surface Observations to Estimate Upper Air Humidity for the Objective Analysis of Relative Humidity over Indian Region

In the present study objective analyses of relative humidity (RH) at surface and at the levels of 850, 700 and 500 hPa have been made using Gandin's (1963) optimum interpolation scheme. As the horizontal resolution of the radiosonde stations is rather inadequate for upper air humidity analysis, a scheme has been developed, following Rasmussen (1982) to estimate the upper air RH from the surface observations like surface RH, present weather and cloud cover. The relative humidities at the levels 850, 700 and 500 hPa were related to the surface observations through three separate regression relations. The RH values at 850, 700 and 500 hPa levels were estimated from the surface RH, cloud coverage and present weather using the above regression relations and subsequently the objective analyses at 00 GMT for the period from 4 July to 8 July 1979, were made using these estimated data along with the observed radiosonde data. Objective analyses were also made for the same period using only the radiosonde data for     

TRAVEL TO SOUTHERN SINKIANG

This paper records my geological and geomorphological observations enroute from Urumuchito Aksu. Leaving Urumuchi on August Ist, we passed through the graben trough of Davan,followed the course of Bayan Ho to Toksun in the Turfan Basin. Glaci-fluvial deposits were seen in the valley of Bayanho at 980m. above the sea. Toksun city has an elevation read from     

瓦斯地质讲座 第三讲 控制瓦斯含量的主要地质因素

控制瓦斯含量的地质因素（或相关因素）很多,实际上,我们在上一讲已经涉及到这方面的问题。