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581.
582.
Ryan Holifield 《Geoforum》2004,35(3):285-297
In response to the failings of the aggressive neoliberalism of the Reagan era, the Clinton administration sought new ways to promote and deepen the neoliberal project. One of its strategies was to develop “neocommunitarian” programs to support political empowerment and economic self-sufficiency in marginalized communities. Its environmental justice policy became an important vehicle for delivering these programs. This paper examines ways in which one regional office of the US Environmental Protection Agency translated the Clinton administration's environmental justice policy into practical guidelines for its managers. It investigates how these guidelines affected the work of personnel in the EPA's program to clean up hazardous waste sites. It asks how the Clinton administration's approach to environmental justice--emphasizing data analysis, managed public participation, and economic opportunity--helped both to deepen the neoliberal project and to transform the geography of risk and remediation. Although the EPA was unable to “normalize” the environmental justice community--to make it a standardized target for the Clinton administration's empowerment programs--its environmental justice policy both contributed to subtle changes in the distribution of hazardous waste risk and made the delivery of neocommunitarian programs an important part of the work of remedial personnel. 相似文献
583.
Goesta Wollin William B.F. Ryan David B. Ericson 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1978,41(4):395-397
Our investigation of deep-sea climatic and magnetic records showing that high eccentricity of the earth's orbit, low magnetic field intensity and warm climate occur together indicates the relative importance of eccentricity as perhaps the phenomenon which has most consistently modulated both climate and magnetism for at least the past 2,000,000 years. A speculative hypothesis regarding the mechanism which may be responsible for a relationship between the eccentricity of the earth's orbit, geomagnetism, and climate is suggested. 相似文献
584.
585.
ABSTRACT Temporal trajectories of apparent vegetation abundance based on the multi-decadal Landsat image series provide valuable information on the postfire recovery of chaparral shrublands, which tend to mature within one decade. Signals of change in fractional shrub cover (FSC) extracted from time-sequential Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data can be systematically biased due to spatial variation in shrub type, soil substrate, or illumination differences associated with topography. We evaluate the effects of these variables in Landsat-derived metrics of FSC and postfire recovery, based upon three chaparral sites in southern California which contain shrub community ecotones, complex terrain, and soil variations. Detailed validations of prefire and postfire FSC are based on high spatial resolution ortho-imagery; cross-stratified random sampling is used for variable control. We find that differences in the composition and structure of shrubs (inferred from ortho-imagery) can substantially influence FSC-NDVI relations and impact recovery metrics. Differences in soil type have a moderate effect on the FSC-NDVI relation in one of the study sites, while no substantial effects were observed due to variation of terrain illumination among the study sites. Arithmetic difference recovery metrics – based on NDVI values that were not normalized with unburned control plots – correlate in a moderate but significant manner with a change in FSC (R 2 values range 0.47–0.59 at two sites). Similar regression coefficients resulted from using Landsat visible reflectance data alone. The lowest correlations to FSC resulted from Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and are attributed to the effects of the soil-adjustment factor in sparsely vegetated areas. The Normalized Burn Ratio and Normalized Burn Ratio 2 showed a moderate correlation to FSC. This study confirms the utility of Landsat NDVI data for postfire recovery evaluation and implies a need for stratified analysis of postfire recovery in some chaparral landscapes. 相似文献
586.
Timothy Baker Roger Mustard Bin Fu Patrick J. Williams Guoyi Dong Louise Fisher Geordie Mark Chris G. Ryan 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(6):599-608
Proterozoic rocks of the Cloncurry district in NW Queensland, Australia, are host to giant (tens to hundreds of square kilometers)
hydrothermal systems that include (1) barren regional sodic–calcic alteration, (2) granite-hosted hydrothermal complexes with
magmatic–hydrothermal transition features, and (3) iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) deposits. Fluid inclusion microthermometry
and proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) show that IOCG deposits and the granite-hosted hydrothermal complexes contain abundant
high temperature, ultrasaline, complex multisolid (type 1) inclusions that are less common in the regional sodic–calcic alteration.
The latter is characterized by lower salinity three-phase halite-bearing (type 2) and two-phase (type 3) aqueous inclusions.
Copper contents of the type 1 inclusions (>300 ppm) is higher than in type 2 and 3 inclusions (<300 ppm), and the highest
copper concentrations (>1,000 ppm) are found both in the granite-hosted systems and in inclusions with Br/Cl ratios that are
consistent with a magmatic source. The Br/Cl ratios of the inclusions with lower Cu contents are consistent with an evaporite-related
origin. Wide ranges in salinity and homogenization temperatures for fluid inclusions in IOCG deposits and evidence for multiple
fluid sources, as suggested by halogen ratios, indicate fluid mixing as an important process in IOCG genesis. The data support
both leaching of Cu by voluminous nonmagmatic fluids from crustal rocks, as well as the direct exsolution of Cu-rich fluids
from magmas. However, larger IOCG deposits may form from magmatic-derived fluids based on their higher Cu content. 相似文献
587.
588.
Karen Kazor Ryan W. Holloway Tzahi Y. Cath Amanda S. Hering 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2016,30(5):1527-1544
Multivariate statistical methods for online process monitoring have been widely applied to chemical, biological, and engineered systems. While methods based on principal component analysis (PCA) are popular, more recently kernel PCA (KPCA) and locally linear embedding (LLE) have been utilized to better model nonlinear process data. Additionally, various forms of dynamic and adaptive monitoring schemes have been proposed to address time-varying features in these processes. In this analysis, we extend a common simulation study in order to account for autocorrelation and nonstationarity in process data and comprehensively compare the monitoring performances of static, dynamic, adaptive, and adaptive–dynamic versions of PCA, KPCA, and LLE. Furthermore, we evaluate a nonparametric method to set thresholds for monitoring statistics and compare results with the standard parametric approaches. We then apply these methods to real-world data collected from a decentralized wastewater treatment system during normal and abnormal operations. From the simulation study, adaptive–dynamic versions of all three methods generally improve results when the process is autocorrelated and nonstationary. In the case study, adaptive–dynamic versions of PCA, KPCA, and LLE all flag a strong system fault, but nonparametric thresholds considerably reduce the number of false alarms for all three methods under normal operating conditions. 相似文献
589.
Mass discharge across transect planes is increasingly used as a metric for performance assessment of in situ groundwater remediation systems. Mass discharge estimates using concentrations measured in multilevel transects are often made by assuming a uniform flow field, and uncertainty contributions from spatial concentration and flow field variability are often overlooked. We extend our recently developed geostatistical approach to estimate mass discharge using transect data of concentration and hydraulic conductivity, so accounting for the spatial variability of both datasets. The magnitude and uncertainty of mass discharge were quantified by conditional simulation. An important benefit of the approach is that uncertainty is quantified as an integral part of the mass discharge estimate. We use this approach for performance assessment of a bioremediation experiment of a trichloroethene (TCE) source zone. Analyses of dissolved parent and daughter compounds demonstrated that the engineered bioremediation has elevated the degradation rate of TCE, resulting in a two‐thirds reduction in the TCE mass discharge from the source zone. The biologically enhanced dissolution of TCE was not significant (~5%), and was less than expected. However, the discharges of the daughter products cis‐1,2, dichloroethene (cDCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) increased, probably because of the rapid transformation of TCE from the source zone to the measurement transect. This suggests that enhancing the biodegradation of cDCE and VC will be crucial to successful engineered bioremediation of TCE source zones. 相似文献
590.
Kroon FJ Kuhnert PM Henderson BL Wilkinson SN Kinsey-Henderson A Abbott B Brodie JE Turner RD 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,65(4-9):167-181
Degradation of coastal ecosystems in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon, Australia, has been linked with increased land-based runoff of suspended solids, nutrients and pesticides since European settlement. This study estimated the increase in river loads for all 35 GBR basins, using the best available estimates of pre-European and current loads derived from catchment modelling and monitoring. The mean-annual load to the GBR lagoon for (i) total suspended solids has increased by 5.5 times to 17,000ktonnes/year, (ii) total nitrogen by 5.7 times to 80,000tonnes/year, (iii) total phosphorus by 8.9 times to 16,000tonnes/year, and (iv) PSII herbicides is 30,000kg/year. The increases in river loads differ across the 10 pollutants and 35 basins examined, reflecting differences in surface runoff, urbanisation, deforestation, agricultural practices, mining and retention by reservoirs. These estimates will facilitate target setting for water quality and desired ecosystem states, and enable prioritisation of critical sources for management. 相似文献