海相遗迹学的成就、问题与展望

海相遗迹学经历了博物学者时代、藻类时代、大辩论时代、黎明时代,目前正处于现代遗迹学时代。海相遗迹学发展历程中的里程碑事件包括:博物学者对遗迹化石的初步研究、遗迹化石真实属性的确立、德国森根堡海洋研究所的建立、遗迹化石的行为习性分类,以及遗迹相、遗迹组构等重要概念的提出和发展。在系统回顾总结海相遗迹学成就和问题的基础上,着重展示了海相遗迹学发展的3个方向:遗迹化石三维形态重建与形态发生模拟,综合遗迹分类学以及微观手段的运用。海相遗迹学在诠释遗迹化石所反映的生物行为习性以及不同尺度生物—环境相互作用与协同演化等方面具有重要意义。     

新疆西准噶尔洪古勒楞组与泥盆系- 石炭系界线新知

通过对西准噶尔地区洪古勒楞组多条剖面的综合研究,提出洪古勒楞组与上覆黑山头组以钙质碎屑岩的消失、暗色细火山碎屑岩的出现为界,其顶界为一套近岸浅水沉积的碎屑岩（含舌形贝的钙质粉砂岩、凝灰质砂岩、细砾岩或含介壳的砂砾岩）,称之为“杨庄砂岩”,该界线在多条剖面上易于识别和对比。在洪古勒楞组上部和黑山头组下部发现三叶虫9属（亚属）14种： Omegops sp. , Pudoproetus sp. , Linguaphillipsia ? sp. , Belgibole sp. , B. abruptirhachis,Philliboloides sp. , Winterbergia（W . ）sp. , W. （Eowinterbergia ）? sp. , Weberiphillipsia sp. , Conophillipsia sp. 1 ,C . sp. 2, C . ? sp. 3, C. ? paucicostata,C. ? morganensis 。根据三叶虫生物地层学研究,认为西准噶尔地区存在泥盆系 石炭系界线,界线位置在 Omegops 的消失层位和 Belgibole Conophillipsia 组合带的首现层位之间,该界线与洪古勒楞组和黑山头组之间的界线基本一致。洪古勒楞组顶部的“杨庄砂岩”是泥盆纪末期海平面下降事件在西准噶尔火山岛弧背景下的沉积产物,也是泥盆纪 石炭纪之交Hangenberg事件在西准噶尔地区的体现。     

Investigation of the 2006 Alexandrium fundyense bloom in the Gulf of Maine: In-situ observations and numerical modeling

In-situ observations and a coupled bio-physical model were used to study the germination, initiation, and development of the Gulf of Maine (GOM) Alexandrium fundyense bloom in 2006. Hydrographic measurements and comparisons with GOM climatology indicate that 2006 was a year with normal coastal water temperature, salinity, current and river runoff conditions. A. fundyense cyst abundance in bottom sediments preceding the 2006 bloom was at a moderate level compared to other recent annual cyst survey data. We used the coupled bio-physical model to hindcast coastal circulation and A. fundyense cell concentrations. Field data including water temperature, salinity, velocity time series and surface A. fundyense cell concentration maps were applied to gauge the model's fidelity. The coupled model is capable of reproducing the hydrodynamics and the temporal and spatial distributions of A. fundyense cell concentration reasonably well. Model hindcast solutions were further used to diagnose physical and biological factors controlling the bloom dynamics. Surface wind fields modulated the bloom's horizontal and vertical distribution. The initial cyst distribution was found to be the dominant factor affecting the severity and the interannual variability of the A. fundyense bloom. Initial cyst abundance for the 2006 bloom was about 50% of that prior to the 2005 bloom. As the result, the time-averaged gulf-wide cell concentration in 2006 was also only about 60% of that in 2005. In addition, weaker alongshore currents and episodic upwelling-favorable winds in 2006 reduced the spatial extent of the bloom as compared with 2005.     

西准噶尔中古生代复理石相遗迹化石及其古环境意义

西准噶尔复理石相遗迹化石主要分布于上泥盆统-下石炭统塔尔巴哈台组以及石炭系的包古图组、太勒古拉组和哈拉阿拉特组中, 典型遗迹属包括Phycosiphon, Nereites, Megagrapton, Glockerichnus, Cochlichnus, Lophoctenium, Gordia, Chondrites, Zoophycos, Scolicia, Thalassinoides.这些遗迹化石构成具有典型深水Nereites遗迹相特征的Phycosiphon-Nereites遗迹化石组合和Megagrapton-Glockerichnus-Cochlichnus遗迹化石组合.包古图组和太勒古拉组属于海底扇中下扇扇缘-盆地平原环境; 哈拉阿拉特组和塔尔巴哈台组则属于海底扇中下扇扇叶环境.西准噶尔复理石相遗迹化石分布与鲍马序列的厚度密切相关, 在毫米-厘米级鲍马序列中, 遗迹化石属种单调且保存较差, 可见单一属的Phycosiphon或Nereites; 而在厘米-分米级鲍马序列中, 可见不同直径大小和形态上具有过渡的Phycosiphon和Nereites, 可能代表同种造迹生物不同个体发育阶段的生物遗迹.海底扇不同亚环境单个鲍马序列的厚度决定了底栖生物是否有足够的时间形成较为成熟的群落(包括一系列幼年和成年个体).      

基于FY-4A卫星探测区域模式背景误差和观测误差估计的长波红外通道选择研究

中国新一代静止气象卫星风云四号A星（FY-4A）上搭载的干涉式大气垂直探测仪GIIRS（Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder）是世界上首台在静止轨道运行的高光谱红外探测仪器,拥有1650个通道,其中长波通道689个,中波通道961个。由于计算机存储能力、数据传输和变分同化时效性等限制,目前很难在业务环境中同化全部通道,并且多通道卫星信息往往存在一定的空间相关和光谱相似,故在实际应用中必须降低高光谱资料的通道维数,去除数据冗余和观测相关性,挑选出对特定目标起主要作用的通道子集,进而利用有限的通道来最大限度地提供观测信息。考虑GRAPES（Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System）数值预报系统估计得到的FY-4A观测范围内的背景误差协方差矩阵,并且在GIIRS观测误差后验重估计的基础上,结合通道权重函数峰值和信息熵分步迭代法对其长波通道进行了通道选择研究和试验。结果表明,在给定选择通道个数时,权重函数法和信息熵方法得到的通道组合进行温度和湿度误差分析时误差整体比单一方法小,在给定通道个数（40个）少于单一方案（50个）时,误差分析结果相当。GIIRS最优通道选择的研究为该资料的同化应用建立了基础。      

准噶尔西北部塔尔巴哈台组早石炭世植物和遗迹化石的发现及其古地理意义*

首次在准噶尔西北部塔尔巴哈台组上部发现了早石炭世维宪期植物化石 Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus,Sublepidodendron grabaui,S. mirabile,S. cf. mirabile,Sublepidodendron sp., Lepidodendropsis sp., Mesocalamites sp., Sigillaria sp., Rhodiopteridium?sp.,Knorria sp.,证实了该组的时代可延续到早石炭世。根据研究区塔尔巴哈台组和上覆黑山头组的生物组合面貌及二者的接触关系,论证了塔尔巴哈台组顶部和黑山头组在准噶尔西北部具有明显的穿时性,前者从杜内期延续到维宪期,后者从杜内期延续到谢尔普霍夫期。与植物化石共同保存的深水相遗迹化石指示了塔尔巴哈台地区在早石炭世早中期为半深海-深海沉积环境,不同于东部吉木乃地区同期的滨浅海沉积环境,说明准噶尔西北部在早石炭世存在着不同的沉积体系。北疆地区早石炭世广泛的海侵活动以及额尔齐斯-斋桑洋向南侧哈萨克斯坦板块俯冲是造成这种沉积差异的主控因素,同时也造成了塔尔巴哈台组和黑山头组在区域上具穿时性。     

Investigation of hurricane Ivan using the coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave–sediment transport (COAWST) model

The coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave–sediment transport (COAWST) model is used to hindcast Hurricane Ivan (2004), an extremely intense tropical cyclone (TC) translating through the Gulf of Mexico. Sensitivity experiments with increasing complexity in ocean–atmosphere–wave coupled exchange processes are performed to assess the impacts of coupling on the predictions of the atmosphere, ocean, and wave environments during the occurrence of a TC. Modest improvement in track but significant improvement in intensity are found when using the fully atmosphere–ocean-wave coupled configuration versus uncoupled (e.g., standalone atmosphere, ocean, or wave) model simulations. Surface wave fields generated in the fully coupled configuration also demonstrates good agreement with in situ buoy measurements. Coupled and uncoupled model-simulated sea surface temperature (SST) fields are compared with both in situ and remote observations. Detailed heat budget analysis reveals that the mixed layer temperature cooling in the deep ocean (on the shelf) is caused primarily by advection (equally by advection and diffusion).     

Correction to: Mesoscale and submesoscale mechanisms behind asymmetric cooling and phytoplankton blooms induced by hurricanes: a comparison between an open ocean case and a continental shelf sea case

Ocean Dynamics - The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The following data attribution statement per our research sponsors requirement has been omitted.     

连结过去、现在和未来的遗迹组构研究:第13届国际遗迹组构专题研讨会综述

第13届国际遗迹组构专题研讨会于2015年5月14日—21日在日本高知大学召开。从会议报告、展板和野外地质考察可以看出:(1)遗迹化石的演化古生态学和复杂遗迹化石的古生态学、埋藏学精细分析将是未来遗迹学的研究热点;(2)遗迹化石的正确分类命名及其形态功能和古环境分析依然是遗迹学的基础和主要内容;(3)新遗迹学展示了巨大的生命力,成为了将今论古的重要钥匙;(4)三维动画模拟未来将推动遗迹学、生态学的科学普及;(5)遗迹组构在油气勘探应用中已取得了重大的成果。学科交叉和高新技术测试方法、跨越多学科的思维路线将是遗迹学发展的重要推动力。