Displacement and stress distributions under a uniform inclined rectangular load on a cross‐anisotropic geomaterial

In practical engineering, an applied rectangular area load is not often horizontally or vertically distributed but is frequently inclined at a certain angle with respect to the horizontal and vertical axes. Thus, the solutions of displacements and stresses due to such a load are essential to the design of foundations. This article yields the analytical solutions of displacements and stresses subjected to a uniform rectangular load that inclines with respect to the horizontal and vertical axes, resting on the surface of a cross‐anisotropic geomaterial. The planes of cross‐anisotropy are assumed to be parallel to the horizontal ground surface. The procedures to derive the solutions can be integrated the modified point load solutions, which are represented by several displacement and stresses elementary functions. Then, upon integrations, the displacement and stress integral functions resulting from a uniform inclined rectangular load for (1) the displacements at any depth, (2) the surface displacements, (3) the average displacements in a given layer, (4) the stresses at any depth, and (5) the average stresses in a given layer are yielded. The proposed solutions are clear and concise, and they can be employed to construct a series of calculation charts. In addition, the present solutions clarify the load inclinations, the dimensions of a loaded rectangle, and the analyzed depths, and the type and degree of geomaterial anisotropy profoundly affect the displacements and stresses in a cross‐anisotropic medium. Parametric results show that the load inclination factor should be considered when an inclined rectangular load uniformly distributed on the cross‐anisotropic material. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大别山东端早-中侏罗世地层对构造事件的指示

本文通过对安徽桐城挂车河、宿松河塌下-中侏罗统剖面岩石特征、沉积构造、粒度和碎屑组分的分析,揭示了燕山早期大别山隆升和侵蚀的演化历史,并结合构造变形分析,探讨了研究区区域动力学背景。结果显示,两地在早-中侏罗世时期分别为扇三角洲-半深湖和河道-河泛平原沉积,物源都来自北部的大别山。又因为挂车河剖面富含大别山变质碎屑颗粒,而河塌剖面相对缺少,由此提出大别山带南部在早-中侏罗世时期,东南部比西南部隆升较高,而相比大别山北麓的砾石和碎屑组成,则认为大别山北部隆升剥蚀更快,且剧烈。两剖面碰撞造山-火山岛弧和再旋回造山带大洋物质的物源,指示由北向南海沟-岛弧和盆地的构造格局。依据两地断层面和擦痕产状进行古应力分析,显示研究区晚侏罗世受到了燕山主幕近南北向的挤压应力。桐城挂车河的另一近东西向挤压应力可能表明该时期大别山东南部地区已受古太平洋构造的改造。     

Wave propagation in an inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic medium

Analytical solutions for wave velocities and wave vectors are yielded for a continuously inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic medium, in which Young's moduli (E, E′) and shear modulus (G′) varied exponentially as depth increased. However, for the rest moduli in cross‐anisotropic materials, ν and ν′ remained constant regardless of depth. We assume that cross‐anisotropy planes are parallel to the horizontal surface. The generalized Hooke's law, strain–displacement relationships, and equilibrium equations are integrated to constitute governing equations. In these equations, displacement components are fundamental variables and, hence, the solutions of three quasi‐wave velocities, V_P, V_SV, and V_SH, and the wave vectors, $\mathop{\mathop{l}\limits^{\rightharpoonup}}\nolimits_{P}$ $\mathop{\mathop{l}\limits^{\rightharpoonup}}\nolimits_{\mathit{SV}}$, and $\mathop{\mathop{l}\limits^{\rightharpoonup}}\nolimits_{{\mathit{SH}}}$, can be generated for the inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic media. The proposed solutions and those obtained by Daley and Hron, and Levin correlate well with each other when the inhomogeneity parameter, k, is 0. Additionally, parametric study results indicate that the magnitudes and directions of wave velocity are markedly affected by (1) the inhomogeneous parameter, k; (2) the type and degree of geomaterial anisotropy (E/E′, G′/E′, and ν/ν′); and (3) the phase angle, θ. Consequently, one must consider the influence of inhomogeneous characteristic when investigating the behaviors of wave propagation in a cross‐anisotropic medium. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Facile Conversion of Alcohols to Olefins by Tosylation and Subsequent SiO2-promoted β-elimination

A convenient and effective procedure was developed for the conversion of alcohol to olefin by tosylation and subsequent β-elimination promoted by silica gel in this study. Treatment of the alcohols with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine at 0℃ affords tosylates which undergo β-elimination with silica gel in dichloromethane or chloroform at room temperature, yielding olefinswith high productivity.     

黑鲷性转换的人工诱导研究

硬骨鱼类中有些种类具有雌雄同体的现象,即性腺同时存在于卵巢和精巢组织,这种雌雄同体现象在一些鱼类中甚至可终生存在,并能自行受精,如鮨科鱼类 Serranaus cabrilla 等。另外有些鱼类虽然在其生活史中同时存在卵巢和精巢,但卵巢和精巢并不同时成熟,不同年龄段表现为不同的性别,有一个性转换的过程,这种过程可以分为两种类型:(1)同时存在卵巢和精巢,在发育过程中精巢先成熟,卵巢受到抑制,低龄鱼表现为雄性(如黑鲷),随着年龄増大,精巢逐渐萎缩而卵巢逐渐发育成熟,表现为雌性;(2)卵巢先成熟,到了高龄精巢才成熟(如石斑鱼类和淡水黄鳝等),第一次性成熟都是雌鱼,产卵过后才逐渐变为雄鱼。 从自然界捕鱼苗来养殖,常受到资源的限制,往往很难满足养殖的需要,人工繁殖是解决自然苗种不足的根本途径。在人工养殖条件下,从仔鱼培育到二龄的黑鲷,一般全部表现为雄性,三龄鱼才有部分转为雌性,为了使其能提前转为雌性,尽早参与生殖,达到人工生产苗种的目的,作者于1991-1992年进行了人工诱导鱼类性转变的研究,同时观察了性腺的发育过程。 过去有关人工诱导发生性转变的研究多数采用生活史上没有经历性转变的鱼类(即雌雄异体鱼类),用人工方法使生活史上有经历性转变的鱼类发生性转变的研究比较少见。本文主要采用雌性激素投喂和注射方法,结合环境因子如水温、光照,使生活史上有性转换过程的黑鯛,在低年龄时提前发生性转变。此研究对提高经济价值较高海鱼的产量具有重要意义。     

Temporal and spatial variation of fish assemblages in Dianshan Lake,Shanghai, China

Using multi-mesh gillnets and trawls, the fish communities in Dianshan Lake at 6 stations from Oct. 2009 to Jul. 2010 were investigated seasonally to reveal the biodiversity and its spatial and temporal distribution patterns. The long-term changes in their structural characteristics were then analyzed to identify the main infl uencing factors and several measures for lake restoration were put forward. Thirty six species, belonging to 9 family and 30 genera, were collected, amongst which, the order Cypriniformes accounted for 61.1% of the total species number. In terms of importance value, Cypriniformes was the predominant group, Coilia nasus the dominant species, while Cyprinus carpio and Rhinogobius giurinus were the subdominant taxa. The community types did not differ among stations, but between seasons. There were no significant differences between seasons and among stations in species diversity, but richness differed both spatially and seasonally. Along with the process of eutrophication and the drastic reduction of the area colonized by macrophytes from 1959 to 2009–2010, the fish diversity declined markedly, and species numbers of herbivores and piscivores declined proportionately more than those of invertivores, omnivores, and planktivores. The decline of potamophilus and river-lake migratory fish was more marked than those of sedentary, river-sea migratory, and estuarine fishes. Eutrophication concomitant with sharp reduction of macrophyte area and overfishing may be the main reasons for the decline in fish diversity in Dianshan Lake.     

Oceanic crustal structure and tectonic origin of the southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge in the Philippine Sea

A new high-resolution velocity model of the southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge(KPR) was derived from an activesource wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction profile. The result shows that the KPR crust can be divided into the upper crust with the P-wave velocity less than 6.1 m/s, and lower crust with P-wave velocity between 6.1 km/s and 7.2 km/s. The crustal thickness of the KPR reaches 12.0 km in the center, which gradually decreases to 5.0–6.0 km at sides. The velocity structure of the KPR is simil...     

瀑布沟库区地震活动及应力场特征

通过对瀑布沟水库和成都数字遥测地震台网记录的波形数据的研究发现,四川瀑布沟水库库区大量的所谓小震活动皆是爆破成因,从而改变了此前对该库区蓄水前地震活动密集,蓄水后地震活动骤然平静的认识。2009 年11 月水库蓄水后在蓄水区域周边10km 范围内仅发生ML1. 5 以上地震1 次,即2010 年8 月8 日ML1. 7 地震,蓄水前后小震稀少。水库西侧的2 个地震密集区的走滑型地震占较大比例,区域主压应力为NWW 向。水库东、北部区域的地震震源机制解呈多种类型。瀑布沟水库区小震活动总体受区域应力场控制,NWW 向近水平主压应力有利于库区NNW 向中小断裂发生走滑型错动。     

汶川8.0级大地震的孕育和发生的深层过程与动力成因探讨

汶川8.0级大地震发生在由3条NE向断裂带组成的龙门山逆冲走滑断裂系上,造成了以汶川、映秀为中心和其周边地域的严重破坏和人员的重大伤亡。然而强烈地震发生前却未见有可能的确切征兆或浅表层异常活动的迹象(相对于短期和临震预测),即浅层过程与地震发生的深层过程并不匹配。那么为什么在龙门山地区突然发生了这次大地震,它具有哪些特征?其成因机制又是什么?为此必须对这次大地震孕育、发生和发展的壳幔速度结构和其深层动力过程进行深入研究和探讨。通过松藩—甘孜,龙门山造山带和四川盆地地域人工源地震深部探测、天然地震层析成像、接收函数与面波频散反演、大地电磁测深和重力场研究,所得初步结果表明:①在印度洋板块与欧亚板块陆-陆板块碰撞、挤压作用下,形成了喜马拉雅造山带和东构造结,该东构造结似一尖楔向NNE方向顶挤并插入青藏高原东北缘,故迫使高原深部物质向东流展,在受到以龙门山为西北边界的四川盆地刚性物质阻隔下,一部分物质则转而向东南侧运移;②龙门山造山带与其西北侧地带地形高差达3500±500m左右,而地壳厚度在龙门山西北部为65±5km左右,四川盆地为40±2km,而龙门山地带与其东、西两侧相比则其地壳厚度变化幅度可达15~20km。这里恰为应力作用的耦合与集中地带;③下地壳和地幔盖层物质以上、中地壳(深20~25km)中的低速层为第一滑移面(并与上地壳解耦),以上地幔软流层顶面为第二滑移面,且在四川盆地深部壳、幔"刚性"物质阻隔下,下地壳和上地幔盖层物质以高角度在龙门山断裂系与四川盆地的耦合地带向上运移(或称逆冲),且在龙门山地表三条断裂构成的断裂系向下收敛到15±5km左右深处汇聚,二者强烈碰撞、挤压、震源介质破裂;即在物质与能量的强烈交换下,高度集中的应力得到急速释放,故形成了这次8.0级大地震;④汶川8.0级大地震的发震断裂是深部15±5km处的汇聚断裂带,且为在15±5km深处、半径为5km左右的柱状震源体积。为此通过该区的壳、幔速度结构变异,初步揭示了这次8.0级大地震孕育、发生和发展的深部介质和构造环境及其深层动力过程。