Rupture parameters of three M S≥5.0 Ludian, Yunnan, earthquakes

Introduction Identifying rupture directions of earthquakes is one of important aspects in focal mechanism research. For moderate-strong events, at present, directions of their main ruptures are usually extrapolated from focal mechanism solutions by combining information about distributions of aftershocks and surface ruptures, or/and extends of iso-seismal major axes. However,     

四川长宁盐矿井注水诱发地震研究

根据现场调查资料、矿区地质构造资料和数字地震记录,研究了四川长宁盐矿井注水诱发的地震活动.研究发现,2006年4月前矿井注水与出水量相当,地震活动平稳;之后注水量远超过出水量,在注水量和出水量相差较大时,浅层中小地震频次急剧增加.长时间的大量注水可能渗入先存的长宁背斜内的小断裂及微裂缝带,加速附近区域微构造地层的破裂,引发了小震群活动.利用数字地震波形资料计算的Q值显示该地区地下介质较不均匀;小震精定位结果显示震源深度较浅,主要分布在2～3km;震源机制解表明,浅层地震呈正倾滑特征.这些都表现出矿井注水诱发地震活动的某些特征.     

Mechanism for calcite dissolution and its contribution to development of reservoir porosity and permeability in the Kela 2 gas field,Tarim Basin,China

This study is undertaken to understand how calcite precipitation and dissolution contributes to depth-related changes in porosity and permeability of gas-bearing sandstone reservoirs in the Kela 2 gas field of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China. Sandstone samples and pore water samples are col-lected from well KL201 in the Tarim Basin. Vertical profiles of porosity, permeability, pore water chem-istry, and the relative volume abundance of calcite/dolomite are constructed from 3600 to 4000 m below the ground surface within major oil and gas reservoir rocks. Porosity and permeability values are in-versely correlated with the calcite abundance, indicating that calcite dissolution and precipitation may be controlling porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks. Pore water chemistry exhibits a sys-tematic variation from the Na2SO4 type at the shallow depth (3600-3630 m), to the NaHCO3 type at the intermediate depth (3630―3695 m),and to the CaCl2 type at the greater depth (3728―3938 m). The geochemical factors that control the calcite solubility include pH, temperature, pressure, Ca2 concen-tration, the total inorganic carbon concentration (ΣCO2), and the type of pore water. Thermodynamic phase equilibrium and mass conservation laws are applied to calculate the calcite saturation state as a function of a few key parameters. The model calculation illustrates that the calcite solubility is strongly dependent on the chemical composition of pore water, mainly the concentration difference between the total dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved calcium concentration (i.e., [ΣCO2] -[Ca2 ]). In the Na2SO4 water at the shallow depth, this index is close to 0, pore water is near the calcite solubility. Calcite does not dissolve or precipitate in significant quantities. In the NaHCO3 water at the intermedi-ate depth, this index is greater than 0, and pore water is supersaturated with respect to calcite. Massive calcite precipitation was observed at this depth interval and this intensive cementation is responsible for decreased porosity and permeability. In the CaCl2 water at the greater depth, pore water is un-der-saturated with respect to calcite, resulting in dissolution of calcite cements, as consistent with microscopic dissolution features of the samples from this depth interval. Calcite dissolution results in formation of high secondary porosity and permeability, and is responsible for the superior quality of the reservoir rocks at this depth interval. These results illustrate the importance of pore water chemis-try in controlling carbonate precipitation/dissolution, which in turn controls porosity and permeability of oil and gas reservoir rocks in major sedimentary basins.     

甘肃地震预警测站典型异常波形的频谱分析

新时期地震预警在保障人民群众生命财产安全中意义重大。近几年,国家在地震预警工程建设上投入巨大,但对于预警测站运维经验梳理总结较少。以甘肃省地震预警测站典型异常突刺的波形资料为研究对象,基于傅里叶变换对异常波形进行频谱分析,探究造成波形异常的干扰源频带范围。研究表明：波形的异常突刺优势频率为0.2～46 Hz。其中,直流电对波形产生的干扰,优势频率为0.2～15 Hz;市电对波形产生的干扰,优势频率为30～46 Hz。结果表明：市电和智能电源的输电线在与摆线并线时,市电及直流电会对波形造成干扰,形成突刺波形。研究利用频谱分析快速、准确筛查干扰源的方法,为地震预警运维工作提供了新思路。     

城市社区中心空间特征及其影响要素研究——以杭州市西湖区为例

以杭州市西湖区为实证,采用高德地图POI数据,通过DBSCAN聚类识别459个社区中心,从空间布局、组织形式、空间关联3方面入手刻画其空间特征,在此基础上通过Logistic回归判断中心数量、能级的影响因素,研究表明:①社区中心分布呈现空间集聚性和"一区多片"的整体结构,具有圈层分布和道路亲缘性特征.②社区中心存在"强...     

ElNino事件当年和次年夏季低纬环流特征的初步分析

分析１９５０年以来中等强度以上的ＥｌＮｉｎｏ和ＬａＮｉｎａ当年和次年夏季低纬度风场和５００ｈＰａ高度距平场发现有不同特征。其中中－西太平洋近赤道地区８５０、２００ｈＰａ上风场异常变化十分明显,这种异常变化与南北半球大气相互作用有密切关系。     

C-FMCW雷达对江淮降水云零度层亮带探测研究

不同于体扫雷达探测降水系统,垂直指向雷达可探测降水云中粒子垂直演变的微物理过程。C波段调频连续波垂直指向雷达 (C-FMCW) 采用收发分置天线,数据垂直分辨率达15~30 m,时间分辨率达2~3 s,利用其2013年6—8月在安徽定远探测数据对降水云垂直结构特征及亮带中融化微物理过程进行研究。6次降水过程共计46 h中的39.1%数据具有清晰的亮带结构特征,期间降水占地面总降水量的15%;江淮雨季层状云、对流云和混合性降水系统中均出现零度层亮带,层状云中亮带长时间维持,对流降水系统移出后减弱阶段的亮带结构稳定,混合降水系统中的对流扰动加强冲破了亮带结构。以融化层中最大回波强度Z_p所在高度进行融化层的粒子碰并增长和破碎减弱分层分析,上半层融化过程主要表现为碰并增长,下半层则是粒子破碎减弱。剔除了介电常数、下降速度引起的粒子浓度改变影响后,层状云和对流降水后期的回波强度加强表明融化增长程度接近,后者略强,混合降水云的融化增长最强。     

多普勒雷达资料在暴雨临近预报中的应用

强暴雨、台风暴雨等灾害性暴雨天气是造成洪涝灾害最主要的降水天气系统。以广州雷达和梅州雷达的拼图资料以及温州单站雷达资料为基础, 讨论了TREC方法中时间步长、网格大小及雨强阈值等参数变化对跟踪结果的影响, 并对TREC矢量场进行了平滑处理, 这在一定程度上减少了TREC矢量场中由于地物回波和回波梯度变化造成的一些明显错误的矢量, 得到较为连续的矢量场, 并将得到的矢量场用于暴雨的临近预报。个例分析及预报结果的验证表明:通过选择合适的参数, 雨强CAPPI、反射率因子CAPPI和CR 3种资料得到的TREC矢量场一致性好, 能够反映我国的强暴雨、台风暴雨等灾害性暴雨的移动方向。CR资料的外推预报结果稍差于其他两者, 3种资料预报的准确性都随着预报时间的递增而降低, 对连续时刻的TREC矢量进行拟合, 有助于提高预报准确率。TREC方法对于结构比较复杂、不易识别的台风暴雨等灾害性暴雨天气, 在预警方面具有一定应用价值。     

湿大气中低涡暴雨系统发展东移的初步分析

七十年代,谢义炳教授指出:湿大气动力学和干大气动力学特征有明显差异。结合我们的天气实践,注意到经常造成鄂北强降水的西南低涡处于对流层低层,在这一层次内不仅流场辐合明显,而且水汽丰沛,空气为强烈的对流性不稳定,这些因子对低涡的生消移动必然有较大的影响。本文的目的是,引入水汽因子后,通过简化涡度方程在湿斜压大气中的应用,并考虑湿静力稳定度σ_m既为P的函