海洋微藻高度不饱和脂肪酸的研究 I.几种常用海洋微藻的脂类和脂肪酸組成

高度不饱和脂肪酸,特别是20:5(EPA)和22:6(DHA)等n-3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA)对人类的生长发育和健康有重要的作用,具有降血脂、降血压、抗血栓、防止血小板凝聚,降低胆固醇等作用,可以用于治疗心脑血管疾病,还能抑制某些肿瘤的发生,降低其生长速度(Simopoulos et al.,1991)。DHA是人类大脑和视网膜正常发育必不可少的物质,能改善脑机能、提高智力和记忆力(Simopoulos et al.,1991; Carlson et al.,1991),目前尤其受到人们的重视;EPA和DHA也是海洋鱼类及甲壳类动物幼体生长发育所必需的营养要素,近年来在水产养殖中也受到特别重视。 海洋微藻具有合成EPA和DHA等n3-PUFA的奇特能力,其它海洋生物,包括鱼类中的EPA和DHA大都通过食物链从藻类积蓄而来(齐藤洋昭,1993),而且藻油没有鱼腥味,很少含胆固醇,因此海洋微藻是EPA和DHA的另一种重要的来源;海洋微藻又是海洋水产动物育苗中非常重要的生物饵料,其EPA和DHA的含量是衡量其营养价值的非常重要的指标,因此海洋微藻中高度不饱和脂肪酸的研究和开发近年来受到了极大的重视,成了研究的热门。 本文报道了我国沿海水产养殖中几种常用微藻的脂类和高度不饱和脂肪酸的组成和含量,为海洋微藻的开发利用提供了基础资料。     

Tidal effect on nutrient exchange in Xiangshan Bay, China

Xiangshan Bay is an estuary in China which borders on the East China Sea. The circulation in the estuary is driven by tidal movement, residual current, the internal density distribution, and synoptic wind forcing; however, the last three are not the main dynamic factors affecting nutrient transport. Because the estuary tends to be eutrophic, a synoptic study was carried out to assess the influence of tidal movement on the nutrient distribution patterns within the estuary and to estimate the fluxes of nutrient transport between the estuary and the sea. Nitrate and ammonium are found to be exported from the estuarine water to the coastal water under usual tidal conditions, except for storm tides which result in large amounts being imported because of the extremely high concentrations in the coastal bottom water. Exports of phosphate and silicate are shown to be consistent during spring tides and neap tides in all seasons. However, the usual tidal regimes resulted in only minor nutrient exchange except during abnormal events.     

白沙口潮汐电站前海区泥沙冲淤规律及防淤对策的研究

白沙口潮汐电站的淤沙问题在1972年就由中国科学院海洋研究所与山东省水文总站合作进行了研究,并于1974年提出了研究结果和淤沙防治措施的建议。但由于某些原因有关建议未能得以实施。近几年来淤沙又有发展,严重威胁着潮汐电站(图1)的寿命。1983年9月国家科委海洋专业组与山东省科委决定对白沙口电站的淤沙问题开展进一步的研究。解决洄淤问题,不仅是白沙口潮汐电站的迫切任务,而且对开发我国潮汐资源也有着重要的意义。本文根据此项研究的成果撰写,主要阐明电站泥沙运动的基本规律,在此基础上提出防治措施的建议。     

南海西部灾害性地质研究

灾害地质学(hazard geology)是研究对海底工程,特别是海洋石油工程能够产生直接危害,或具有潜在性危害的地质因素的特征及分布规律的科学。在过去几十年的海上石油开发中,由于事先未能对灾害性地质进行详细调查而造成重大损失的事件不乏其例。1973年3月,墨西哥湾一钻井平台,因浅层天然气喷发引起火灾,数千万美元的仪器设备毁于一旦。1977年南海莺歌海盆地作业的一架自升式钻井平台,在水深75m处插桩时,由于埋藏古河道的影响,地层分布不连续，两只柱腿插在古河岸上,至海底以下3m即稳定,另一只桩腿落入古河床,插入21m尚不稳定,致使钻井平台倾斜,后被迫移位才免遭于害。灾害性地质问题的研究已成为海洋石油和天然气开发成败的关键问题之一,因而引起了国内外有关部门的极大重视。1985-1987年,中国科学院海洋研究所受南海西部石油公司的委托,对珠江口以西至北部湾东部的广大海域,进行了大规模的灾害性地质、工程地质的普查及井位调査。调查中先后使用了“科学一号”科学考察船和“南海502”、“南海503”等工程物探及工程地质调查船,在海上进行了七千余公里的综合性工程物探测量,为研究调查区灾害性地质问题积累了丰富的资料。     

Sea surface height anomaly and geostrophic circulation variations in the South China Sea from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry

The sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) and geostrophic circulation in the South ChinaSea (SCS) are studied using TOPEX/POSE1DON (T/P) altimetry data. The SSHA, which is obtained after tidal correction based on the tidal results from T/P data, is predominated by seasonal alternating monsoons. The results reveal that the SSHA in the central part of the SCS is positive in spring and summer, but negative in autumn and winter. It is also found that the SSHA in the SCS can be approached with the sum of tidal constituents SA and SSA. The geostrophic circulations in the SCS are calculated according to sea surface dynamic topography, which is the sum of SSHA and mean sea surface height. It is suggested that the circulation in the upper layer of the SCS is generally cyclonic and notably western intensified during autumn and winter, while the western intensification is weak during spring and summer. It is also indicated that the Kuroshio intrudes into the northeastern SCS throuth the Luzon Strait in winter. But ther     

13C/12C比值作为海洋生态系统食物网示踪剂的研究──崂山湾水体生物食物网的营养关系

于1992年9月–1994年5月先后对崂山湾海域作了7个航次调查。由实验室培养试验和现场采样分析两种方法得出食物链一个营养级的¹³C富集度分别为(1.6±0.2)×10^-3和1.7×10^-3,两者几乎一致。由7个季度月的现场采集样品的同位素分析结果表明,从处在食物网底部的浮游植物到最高级的肉食性鱼类之间δ¹³C差值平均为6.9×10^-3,相当于5个营养级;并由各类生物的碳同位素数据分别确定了它们在该食物网中的营养位置,其结果与食性分析方法所得结果基本吻合。同位素示踪方法研究的结果还表明,崂山湾水体生物食物网中碳的来源主要是浮游植物碳。     

Authigenic iron oxide formation in the estuarine mixing zone of the Yangtze River

Estuaries are elementary geochemical fronts where river water and seawater mix. Within this mixing zone, iron and other non-conservative elements can undergo complex reactions to form new solid phases. In order to understand authigenic iron oxide formation in the Yangtze River Estuary, two onsite water-mixing sets of experiments were conducted, one by mixing variable amounts of unfiltered Yangtze River water with filtered East China Sea water of different salinity (set 1), the other by mixing variable amounts of filtered Yangtze River water with filtered East China Sea water of different salinity (set 2). In set 2, the minerals newly formed in the course of mixing were investigated by means of a scanning electron microscope fitted with an energy-dispersive X-ray analytical system. It was found that ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite were formed in these mixing experiments, coexisting in nearly equal amounts. These iron oxides appear as aggregated particles with a large grain-size range of several microns to more than 100 μm. The electrolytic properties of seawater played an important role in the formation of these authigenic iron oxides. Kaolinite and organic aggregates were also found in the experimentally mixed pre-filtered waters. Amounts of newly formed suspended matter (set 2) were one to three orders of magnitude lower than those of total suspended matter (TSM) (set 1). This implies that newly formed minerals represent only a very small proportion of TSM in the estuarine mixing zone of the Yangtze River.     

南海南部表层沉积物中生物硅的分布及其环境意义

对南海南部25个表层沉积样进行了生物硅的测定分析,试图揭示南海南部表层沉积生物硅的分布及其对现代海洋环境的指示意义,以便为古海洋学研究提供进一步的科学依据。研究发现,表层沉积物中生物硅含量与其所处水深呈显著正相关关系,相关系数达到0．782。陆架浅水区表层沉积物中生物硅含量非常低,不能反映表层水体中硅质生物生产力情况,这可能与沉积类型和陆源物质输入影响有关。深水区表层沉积物中生物硅的含量分布表明,其不仅能反映出表层水体中硅质生物的古生产力水平,而且还能指示上升流的强弱,从而进一步证实了利用沉积物中生物硅含量来追踪上升流发育和变化的有效性与可信度。研究结果还显示,在研究区域中北部表层沉积生物硅中放射虫和海绵骨针较硅藻占有更大的比重,这可能是由于硅藻易被溶解并易被其他生物体摄食的缘故。在有上升流发育的海域,放射虫、硅藻和海绵骨针基本上均表现出较高的丰度,这与高的生物硅含量相一致。     

欧洲鳗鲡肝肾病病原菌的分离与鉴定

患肝肾病的养殖欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)出现肝、肾肿大,且肝脏具白色溃疡灶的症状。从肝脏中分离、纯化到优势细菌,定名AL60306NA1。人工感染试验证实:向欧洲鳗鲡腹腔内注射1.0×108cfu/mL菌株悬液,实验鱼死亡率达100.0%;注射1.0×107cfu/mL,死亡率为60.0%;形态学观察、API20E细菌鉴定试剂盒鉴定实验证明菌株AL60306NA1有动力、拥有革兰氏反应阴性、氧化酶阴性、H2O2酶阳性、兼性厌氧、发酵葡萄糖产酸产气、不发酵蔗糖和蜜二糖及L一阿拉伯糖、赖氨酸脱羧酶阳性、柠檬酸盐弱阳性、产生硫化氢和吲哚、MR阳性和典型的β-溶血等特征;16S rRNA特异性基因分析鉴定实验说明克隆的AL60306NA1 16S rRNA基因部份序列为1507bp、与迟缓爱德华氏菌(AB050829.1)的同源性达99.7%。综合上述结果,确定该菌株为养殖欧洲鳗鲡肝肾病的病原菌,并鉴定为迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)野生型。用菌株AL60306NA1感染小白鼠实验测定该菌对小白鼠的LD50为7.1×105cfu/mL,同时自该菌株PCR扩增到长度约1000bp的溶血素基因特异性片段,结果表明菌株AL60306NA1有一定的致病力。     

内陆碱化湿地土壤有机质和全磷的时空分布特征

以付老文泡湿地为研究对象,分析了内陆碱化湿地土壤有机质和全磷含量的时空分布特征。研究结果表明7月表层土壤有机质和全磷空间分布格局的异质性高于亚表层,而9月亚表层土壤则呈现出较高的异质性。2采样期内有机质和全磷含量均呈现由表层向下呈减少趋势,除9月土壤有机质外,上下土壤层内的有机质和全磷含量均存在显著性差异。湿地全磷随土壤有机质增加呈幂函数增长变化。湿地土壤有机质和全磷随土壤水分含量增加均呈对数衰减变化,但土壤有机质和全磷随pH值增加则分别呈现指数和幂函数衰减变化。