灾变破坏幂律奇异性前兆提取的奇异积分变换方法

1 研究背景 幂律奇异性是材料灾变破坏及地震发生时的一个典型前兆特征(Voight,1989;Xue et al,2018).在灾变破坏发生时,系统的响应函数R = du/dU发散到无穷大,表现出临界幂律奇异性(Xue et al,2018).其中,u是系统响应量,U是系统的加载控制量.响应函数R的临界幂律奇异性是灾变破坏能量准则的体现,对大理岩、花岗岩试样进行的准静态单轴压缩实验表明,响应函数幂律奇异性指数分布在-1/2到-1之间.利用灾变破坏点处响应函数的幂律奇异性以及幂指数的分布范围,可以建立对于灾变破坏时间的实时预测方法(Voight,1988;Xue et al,2018),但噪声对灾变破坏预测却会产生较大影响.因此,准确地从包含噪声的时间序列中提取幂律前兆并确定其幂指数,对于灾变预测至关重要.本文即是针对包含噪声的信号,提出一种提取幂律奇异性前兆的方法.     

腾冲地区与燕山期花岗岩有关的矿床成矿系列

腾冲地区岩浆-热液成矿作用形成了东、中、西三个矿带,以及滇滩-大硐厂-红岩头铅锌锡铁硅灰石矿、铁窑山-小龙河锡钨铁铅锌矿两个重要矿集区.本文以前人研究资料为基础,按矿床成矿系列理论研究方法,厘定了该地区与燕山期花岗岩有关的矿床成矿系列及亚系列,系统总结了该地区与燕山期花岗岩有关的矿产资源时空分布规律,研究结果表明燕山期...     

黔西南部分矿集区环境背景

黔西南是金、锑、汞、砷、煤矿集中分布区,汞、砷在土壤中背景值高于一般土壤的20倍,汞高出14～5000倍,属于高砷、汞、氟环境背景区,由于矿业活动不合理,加剧了区内土壤、水体污染,存在砷、汞、氟等环境污染隐患。     

Giant Mineral Deposits and Their Geodynamic Setting in the Lanping Basin, Yunnan, China

There are giant mineral deposits, including the Jinding Zn-Pb and Baiyangping Ag-Co-Cu, and otherimportant mineral deposits (e.g., Baiyangchang Ag-Cu, Jinman Cu deposits, etc.) in the Lanping Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin, Yunnan Province, China. The tabular ore-bodies and some veins hosted in terrestrial clastic rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic age and no outcropping of igneous rocks in the giant deposits lead to the proposal of syngenetic origin, but the giant mineral deposits are not stratabound (e.g. MVT, sandstone- and Sedex-type). They formed in a continental red basin with intense crust movement. The mineralization is controlled by structures and lithology and occurs in different strata, and no sedimentary nature and no exhalative sediments are identified in the deposits. The deposits show some relations with organic matter (now asphalt and petroleum) and evaporates (gypsum). The middle-low-temperature (mainly 110℃ to 280℃) mineralization took place at a depth of about 0.9 km to 3.1 km during the early     

国家风景名胜区景观遗产的三维培育研究--以青海湖为例

国家风景名胜区以其自然与人文美成为旅游与研究的热点。将国家风景名胜区的景观遗产划分为自然景观遗产、物质性历史文化遗产、非物质及口头文化遗产三维,并且探讨了景观遗产的培育理念。以青海湖国家风景名胜区为例,实证研究了其自然景观遗产的培育、物质性历史文化遗产的培育、非物质及口头文化遗产的培育。最后讨论了三个问题：对资源的重新认识、实证对其他案例的借鉴、三维培育模式的提取。     

桂中坳陷环江凹陷上古生界海相页岩储层孔隙结构和分形特征研究

通过有机地化分析、全岩X衍射矿物分析、甲烷等温吸附及低压氮气吸附实验,本文对桂中坳陷环江凹陷上古生界页岩样品的孔隙结构及分形特征进行了研究.结果表明:研究区页岩总有机碳含量(TOC)平均为2.40%,热成熟度(Ro)平均为2.65%,处于过成熟演化阶段.页岩主要的矿物组成为石英和黏土.页岩的比表面积平均为5.86 m2/g,孔容平均为0.014 9 mL/g,平均孔径为11.2 nm.页岩中发育大量的中孔,主要呈两端开口的圆筒形孔或四边开放的平行板状孔.页岩中TOC含量和石英含量越多,微-中孔越发育、比表面积和孔容越大,而平均孔径则变小.通过Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH)模型和氮气吸附实验数据计算得到孔隙表面分形维数D1(平均为2.428 4)和孔隙结构分形维数D2(平均为2.622 2),对应的相对压力(P/P0)分别是0~ 0.45和0.45 ~ 0.99.分形维数D1、D2随着比表面积、孔容的增加而增加,而平均孔径随着前者的增加而减小.分形维数D1、D2、TOC含量、石英含量和甲烷吸附量之间呈现较好的正相关性,但随着黏土矿物含量的增多而减小.分形维数D1与Langmuir压力存在弱负相关性,分形维数D2随Langmuir压力增大有变大的趋势.桂中坳陷西北部页岩分形维数越大,孔隙结构越复杂,其对天然气的吸附和存储能力越强.     

青藏高原北部多温型山谷冰川不同海拔处冰温变化研究 ——以祁连山老虎沟12号冰川为例

冰川温度是表征冰川物理属性和响应气候变化的关键指标。2010年7月至2011年11月在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积累区（5 040 m）、多年平衡线处（4 900 m）和消融区（4 550 m）开展了活动层（22 m深,1 m间隔）冰温连续观测。2011年10月在冰川积累区4 971 m处钻得165 m深孔获取了115 m深层冰温廓线。研究发现：三个区域活动层下界的深度均在约17 m处,多年平衡线处冰温最低（-7.4℃）,消融区次之（-3.68℃）,积累区活动层下界冰温最高（-2.74℃）且波动最为持续,可能主要与常年积雪覆盖有关。冰温年波动随深度增加均逐渐降低,对气温变化的响应周期亦逐渐增大。与其他冰川最低温相比,老虎沟12号冰川冰温对气候变化响应敏感,过去50年来受全球变暖影响冰温显著增加。积累区深孔冰温显示50 m深度之下冰温呈线性上升,垂直增温率为0.033℃·m^-1,据此推测其底部冰温为0.02℃,主要与底部应变热有关。     

地面沉降对含水层参数及给水能力的影响研究

地面沉降主要由深层地下水开采造成,含水层的压缩释水是深层地下水开采量主要构成来源,同时随其压缩变形孔隙比减小造成储水系数、渗透系数的减小,对弱透水层非弹性释水量、越流补给量造成影响。地面沉降过程中的水文地质参数非线性变化及对承压含水层系统的反馈作用也成为水文地质领域的前沿问题。为对地下水开采量、沉降量、地质参数变化以及给水能力变化之间的关系做一个较为定量定性的探究,以含水层压缩过程中的物理机制为依据,并基于沧州地区深层承压含水层的地下水位变化过程和水文地质参数,采用数学手段构建储水系数和渗透系数变化的一维非线性沉降模型。模拟结果显示随承压水头下降,储水系数最高可减小77%,含水层系统的给水能力和储水能力会随压缩变形减小50%甚至更多。研究成果为深入认识水文地质参数与应力变化相关关系、科学评价承压含水层地下水储水调节能力有重要借鉴意义。     

Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi Carlin-type gold district (Southwest Guizhou,China) and their geological implications

The newly discovered Baogudi gold district is located in the southwestern Guizhou Province, China, where there are numerous Carlin-type gold deposits. To better understand the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi gold district, we carried out petrographic observations, elemental analyses, and fluid inclusion and isotopic composition studies. We also compared the results with those of typical Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou. Three mineralization stages, namely, the sedimentation diagenesis, hydrothermal (main-ore and late-ore substages), and supergene stages, were identified based on field and petrographic observations. The main-ore and late-ore stages correspond to Au and Sb mineralization, respectively, which are similar to typical Carlin-type mineralization. The mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that a significant amount of Au, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, Mo, and S were added to mineralized rocks during the main-ore stage. Remarkably, arsenic, Sb, and S were added to the mineralized rocks during the late-ore stage. Element migration indicates that the sulfidation process was responsible for ore formation. Four types of fluid inclusions were identified in ore-related quartz and fluorite. The main-ore stage fluids are characterized by an H₂O–NaCl–CO₂–CH₄ ± N₂ system, with medium to low temperatures (180–260 °C) and low salinity (0–9.08% NaCl equivalent). The late-ore stage fluids featured H₂O–NaCl ± CO₂ ± CH₄, with low temperature (120–200 °C) and low salinity (0–7.48% NaCl equivalent). The temperature, salinity, and CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations of ore-forming fluids decreased from the main-ore stage to the late-ore stage. The calculated δ¹³C, δD, and δ¹⁸O values of the ore-forming fluids range from − 14.3 to − 7.0‰, −76 to −55.7‰, and 4.5–15.0‰, respectively. Late-ore-stage stibnite had δ³⁴S values ranging from − 0.6 to 1.9‰. These stable isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluids, with minor contributions from strata. Collectively, the Baogudi metallogenic district has geological and geochemical characteristics that are typical of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou. It is likely that the Baogudi gold district, together with other Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou, was formed in response to a single widespread metallogenic event.

     

江南造山带九岭南缘宜丰岩组火山岩锆石SHRIMP年代学及Hf同位素特征

赣西北九岭南缘宜丰岩组是江南造山带的一个重要地层单元,但其沉积时限和区域地层对比关系尚不确定。本次1∶5万区调工作中,在万载—宜丰一带宜丰岩组地层中发现有呈夹层产出的变英安岩、变凝灰岩。SHRIMP锆石定年表明,变英安岩、变凝灰岩分别形成于835.0±7.8Ma和830.3±9.5Ma。结合宜丰岩组底部凝灰质砂岩最年轻的一组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄852.9±2.6Ma,认为宜丰岩组沉积时限为～853 Ma至～830Ma,表明宜丰岩组主体形成于新元古代早期。锆石Hf同位素显示,ε_Hf(t)变化范围较大,为-16.02～+12.04,总体以正值为主。最为接近亏损地幔成分的5个锆石颗粒的ε_Hf(t)变化范围为+9.65～+12.04,具有最年轻的Hf二阶段模式年龄0.95～1.09Ga,与成岩年龄差距不大,表明源区中可能有新生地壳物质的加入。野外沉积学研究表明,宜丰岩组浊流沉积构造发育,主体属于半深海大陆斜坡沉积。区域上,宜丰岩组与溪口岩群、双桥山群、冷家溪群、西村岩组、南桥岩组、苍溪岩组沉积时限基本相当,沉积环境相似,应明确为华南"晋宁运动"不整合面之下的一套弧后盆地环境产物。