Observations of the inner radian of the Galactic disk at very high energy (VHE) gamma-rays have revealed at least 16 new sources.
Besides shell type super-nova remnants, pulsar wind nebulae (PWN) appear to be a dominant source population in the catalogue
of VHE gamma-ray sources. Except for the Crab nebula, the newly discovered PWN are resolved at VHE gamma-rays to be spatially
extended (5–20 pc). Currently, at least 3 middle aged (t>10 kyrs) PWN (Vela X, G18.0-0.7, and G313.3+0.6 in the “Kookaburra” region) and 1 young PWN MSH 15-52 (t=1.55 kyrs) have been identified to be VHE emitting PWN (sometimes called “TeV Plerions”). Two more candidate “TeV Plerions”
have been identified and have been reported at this conference (Carrigan, These proceedings, in preparation). In this contribution,
the gamma-ray emission from Vela X is explained by a nucleonic component in the pulsar wind. The measured broad band spectral
energy distribution is compared with the expected X-ray emission from primary and secondary electrons. The observed X-ray
emission and TeV emission from the three middle aged PWN are compared with each other. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1969 bis 1971 wurden in der Morondava-Küstenebene im Westen Madagaskars umfangreiche hydrogeologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt, in deren Zusammenhang mit Hilfe von geoelektrischen Sondierungen der Aufbau der oberen 150 m des quartären bis neogenen Untergrundes der Ebene geklärt werden konnte. Durch die Interpretation der geoelektrischen Sondierprofile und deren Anordnung in einer Profilkarte war eine Korrelation von Schichtkomplexen hohen Widerstandes möglich. Die Untersuchung ergab, da\ der Untergrund der Küstenebene ein Delta darstellt, das von zwei Flu\systemen geschüttet wurde. Die Mündungen der heutigen Flüsse Morondava und Andranomena sind gegenüber den alten Flu\systemen nach Süden verschoben.
In 1969 to 1971 comprehensive hydro-geological investigations were carried out in the Morondava Plains in western Madagaskar. In the scope of these investigations, the structure of the upper 150 m of the quaternary and neogene deposits in the coastal plains were determined by means of geo-electrical soundings. The interpretation of the soundings by establishing a profile map, allowed for a correlation of the sequences with high electric resistivity. The investigation showed that the underground of the coastal plains represents a delta, deposited by two rivers. The mouths of the actual Morondava and Andranomena rivers are shifted towards the south in relation to the ancient river systems.
Résumé D'importantes investigations hydro-géologiques ont été effectuées de 1969 à 1971 dans la plaine de Morondava à l'ouest de Madagascar, grâce auxquelles, en procédant également à des sondages géo-électriques, il a été possible de déterminer la structure des 150 m supérieurs du sous-sol quaternaire à néogène.Par l'interprétation des sondages géo-électriques et leur transposition sur une carte des profils, il a été possible d'obtenir une corrélation des couches à haute resistivité. Des recherches ont montré que le sous-sol de la plaine cÔtière représente un delta, remblayé par deux systèmes fluviaux. L'embouchure des fleuves actuels Morondava et Andranomena est déplacée vers le sud par rapport aux anciens systèmes fluviaux.
1969 1971 . . 150 , . , . , , . , .
Vortrag, gehalten am 28. Februar 1974 in Bochum anlä\lich der 64. Jahrestagung der Geologischen Vereinigung. 相似文献
Amphiboles approximating the composition of the ferroglaucophane end member, Na2Fe3Al2Si8O22(OH)2, have not been found in nature prior to 1969. Chemical, physical and petrologic data of four specimens of that mineral are given, two from Southern Italy and two from New Caledonia (Black, 1970). The ferroglaucophane end member was synthesized in seeded runs at 500° C, 5000 bars fluid pressure with oxygen fugacity defined by the wüstite-magnetite (WM) buffer. X-ray data and cell dimensions (a=9.686 Å, b=17.89, c=5.317, β=103° 45.2′ V=894.9 Å3) are presented along with microprobe data that confirm the end member composition. Under these conditions of synthesis the ferroglaucophane grew metastably, however. Stability relations of the synthetic end member and of one natural specimen were investigated in a temperature range from 250° C to 500° C and at 3 and 5 kb with different oxygen buffers. At relatively low oxygen fugacities (WM buffer, QFM buffer) ferroglaucophane breaks down above 350–360° C. Under more oxidizing conditions (HM buffer) ferroglaucophane may not be stable even at very low temperatures. Mineral facies and chemical bulk composition of rocks that would favor the natural occurrence of ferroglaucophane are discussed. As assemblages with ferroglaucophane can have crystallized only below a very specific upper temperature limit, it is proposed to direct some attention towards that mineral. 相似文献
The spatial variability of observed trends in rainfall structure over the last 5 decades and its effects on the spatial variability of maximum daily water levels in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg (Europe) were investigated in 9 sub-basins of the Mosel river. Over the past 25 years, an increase in westerly atmospheric circulation types during winter months has caused an increase in winter rainfall totals, duration and intensity. More specifically, the spatial variability of trends having affected winter rainfall totals, duration and intensity have led to spatially varying positive trends in maximum daily water levels. Observed trends in rainfall characteristics and maximum daily water levels during winter show closely linked spatial patterns that are strongly related to the topography of the study area. 相似文献
The lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is an efficient technique for simulating fluid flow through individual pores of complex porous media. The ease with which the LB method handles complex boundary conditions, combined with the algorithm’s inherent parallelism, makes it an elegant approach to solving flow problems at the sub-continuum scale. However, the realities of current computational resources can limit the size and resolution of these simulations. A major research focus is developing methodologies for upscaling microscale techniques for use in macroscale problems of engineering interest. In this paper, we propose a hybrid, multiscale framework for simulating diffusion through porous media. We use the finite element (FE) method to solve the continuum boundary-value problem at the macroscale. Each finite element is treated as a sub-cell and assigned permeabilities calculated from subcontinuum simulations using the LB method. This framework allows us to efficiently find a macroscale solution while still maintaining information about microscale heterogeneities. As input to these simulations, we use synchrotron-computed 3D microtomographic images of a sandstone, with sample resolution of 3.34 μm. We discuss the predictive ability of these simulations, as well as implementation issues. We also quantify the lower limit of the continuum (Darcy) scale, as well as identify the optimal representative elementary volume for the hybrid LB–FE simulations. 相似文献
We review conditions for material instabilities in porous solids induced by a bifurcation of solution into non-unique strain rate fields. Bifurcation modes considered include jumps in the strain rate tensor of ranks one and higher representing deformation band and diffuse instability modes, respectively. Eigenmodes (e-modes) are extracted for each type of instability to fully characterize various frameworks of deformation in collapsible solids. For diffuse instability these e-modes are determined from a homogeneous system of linear equations emanating from the condition of zero jump in the stress rate tensor, which in turn demands that the tangent constitutive tensor be singular for the existence of nontrivial solutions. For isotropic materials we describe two types of singularity of the constitutive tensor: (a) singularity of the constitutive matrix in principal axes, and (b) singularity of spin. Accordingly, we derive the e-modes for each type of singularity. We utilize the singularity of the constitutive matrix in principal axes as a precursor to volume implosion in collapsible solids such as loose sands undergoing liquefaction instability and high-porosity rocks undergoing cataclastic flow. Finally, we compare conditions and e-modes for volume implosion and compaction banding, two similar failure modes ubiquitous in granular soils and rocks.Supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Grant DE-FG02-03ER15454, and U.S. National Science Foundation, Grants CMS-0201317 and CMS-0324674. 相似文献
Trace components in fluid inclusions from the Aberfoyle tin-tungsten deposit in Tasmania, Australia, were examined by thermal decrepitation-mass spectrometry. The technique involves the decrepitation of fluid inclusions by stepwise heating in the source of a mass spectrometer. In addition to water, other species identified were carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons. Detailed analysis of these hydrocarbons showed that they ranged in carbon number from C1 up to at least C33 and probably comprised, in part, biological marker compounds, previously unreported in such high-temperature environments. Their presence suggests that the fluid responsible for mineralisation was not entirely magmatic but contained a non-magmatic component evolved through fluid-rock interaction in the sedimentary country rocks. 相似文献
We present an updated Lagrangian continuum particle method based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) for simulating debris flow on an instrumented test slope. The site is a deforested area near the village of Ruedlingen, a community in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Artificial rainfall experiments were conducted on the slope that led to failure of the sediment in the form of a debris flow. We develop a 3D mechanistic model for this test slope and conduct numerical simulations of the flow kinematics using an SPH formulation that captures large deformation, material nonlinearity, and the complex post-failure movement of the sediment. Two main simulations explore the impact of changes in the mechanical properties of the sediment on the ensuing kinematics of the flow. The first simulation models the sediment as a granular homogeneous material, while the second simulation models the sediment as a heterogeneous material with spatially varying cohesion. The variable cohesion is meant to represent the effects of root reinforcement from vegetation. By comparing the numerical solutions with the observed failure surfaces and final free-surface geometries of the debris deposit, as well as with the observed flow velocity, flow duration, and hot spots of strain concentration, we provide insights into the accuracy and robustness of the SPH framework for modeling debris flows.
In this paper we present a mechanical model that intends to captures the kinematical aspects of thrust fault related folds
induced by regional-scale far-field contraction. Fold shapes may be the only surface evidence of the geometry of underlying
faults, so complex fault interactions are assessed in terms of how they influence fold geometry. We use the finite element
method to model the fold and finite deformation frictional contact to model the activation and evolution of slip throughout
preexisting faults. From several simulated 2D fault patterns we infer how one may form an anticline similar to that observed
at Sheep Mountain Anticline, Wyoming. 相似文献