Upper Mantle Amphiboles and Micas and TiO2, K2O, and P2O5 Abundances and 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe2+ Ratios of Common Basalts and Andesites: Implications for Modal Mantle Metasomatism and Undepleted Mantle Compositions

Modal mantle metasomatism, involving the re-enrichment of depletedmantle by the introduction or production of new hydrous phases,apatite and other minerals, has been proposed as a criticalprecursor to alkaline volcanism. The merits of the modal metasomatismmodel are evaluated by examining whole-rock 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺)ratios and the abundances of TiO₂, K₂O and P₂O₅ in mafic volcanicsspanning the mafic alkaline-subalkaline compositional spectrum.Upper mantle amphiboles and micas are also discussed becausethey would be major donors of Ti, Fe, and K to melts duringanatexis of either modally metasomatized depleted mantle orundepleted mantle. Compared with tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts and andesites,basanites and alkali basalts and alkali andesites are neitherdistinctive nor unique by virtue of persistant or well-definedhigher abundances of TiO₂, K₂O, and P₂O₅ or lower 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe₂₊)ratios, features which might reflect precursor modal metasomatismof the alkaline sources. Some basanites and alkali basalts dohave higher abundances of TiO₂, K₂O, and P₂O₅ than some tholeiitesbut these abundances may be the result of lower degrees of meltingof similar undepleted mantle sources for both magma types. The most widespread mantle phases of inferred metasomatic originare interstitial amphiboles and micas in Group I spinel peridotitexenoliths. These have high 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios ({small tilde}90) and high Cr₂O₃ and low TiO₂ abundances, and the K₂O/Na₂Oratios of the amphiboles (chromian pargasites) are low, generallyless than 0?3. Interstitial amphiboles and micas developed asa result of near-isochemical hydration reactions which largelyinvolved Cr-spinel and Cr-diopside. Their formation was probablyinduced in many instances by fluids derived from crystallizingmafic magmas. Metasomatized Group I xenoliths with interstitialhydrous phases remain depleted in TiO₂, K₂O, and P₂O₅, and theyretain the high 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios characterizing depletedGroup I xenoliths. Together with the low K₂O/Na₂O ratios, thesefeatures preclude such peridotites as suitable sources of mostalkaline (and subalkaline) volcanics. It is suggested that modalmetasomatism plays an insignificant role in the genesis of mostmantle-derived mafic volcanics. Compared with the interstitial phases, kaersutitic amphibolesand titaniferous micas from vein, Group II inclusion and megacrystupper mantle parageneses have lower 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios andCr₂O₃ contents, and much higher TiO₂ abundances. K₂O/Na₂O ratiosof the Ti-amphiboles are also much more wide-ranging (0?3 togreater than 1?0). These Fe, Ti-rich amphiboles and micas areneither widespread nor pervasive phases in metasomatized mantle.They are directly related to alkaline magmatism in the uppermantle where they may be associated with incompatible elementenrichment of peridotite wallrocks in the immediate vicinityof frozen conduits of alkaline mafic magmas. The varying K₂O/Na₂O ratios of mafic volcanics (MORB constitutea major exception) indicate that the principal K-bearing phasesin undepleted mantle are kaersutitic amphibole and titaniferousmica, in varying proportions. The former is probably the majorsource of Ti and K for low K/Na volcanics (K₂O/Na₂O < 0?5)and also many medium K/Na types (0?5 < K₂O/Na₂O < 1?0),whereas mica is more likely to be the major K-bearing phasein the source regions of high K/Na extrusives (K₂O/Na₂ >1?0). Experimental data indicate that kaersutitic amphibole,mica and apatite probably coexist in undepleted spinel- andgarnet lherzolites at pressures up to 25 kb, with mica persistingto pressures as high as 50 kb. It is proposed that undepleted asthenospheric mantle is heterogeneouswith respect to its amphibole, mica, and apatite contents (andhence TiO₂, K₂O, and P₂O₅ abundances and K₂O/Na₂O ratios), andalso with respect to 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺ ) ratios which may be significantlyless than the ratios generally assigned to undepleted mantle,namely 88–90.     

Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Magmatic Evolution of the Basaltic and Trachytic Lavas from Gough Island, South Atlantic

The Gough Island lavas range from picrite basalt through tosodalite-bearing aegirine-augite trachyte. The basaltic lavasare predominantly nepheline normative alkali basalts, althougha group of hypersthene normative tholeiitic basalts does occur.The oldest lavas on the island, represented by the Lower Basaltseries, are approximately 1?0 m.y. old and the youngest arethe Upper Basalts with an age of {small tilde} 0?13 m.y. Relatively coherent variations are described by the basalticand trachytic lavas with respect to both bulk rock major andtrace element geochemistry and mineral chemistry, and quantitativepetrogenetic modelling suggests that most of the variation canbe attributed to crystal fractionation/accumulation processesacting on a number of geochemically distinct parental magmas.The Upper Basalts and Lower Basalts have (within the limitsof sampling) a relatively restricted composition compared tothe Middle Basalt series lavas, with the latter ranging frompicrite basalt through to trachyandesite. The picrite basaltsand coarsely pyroxene-olivine phyric basalts represent partialcumulates with varying proportions (up to 40 wt. per cent) ofaccumulated olivine and clinopyroxene. In contrast, the moderatelyphyric and aphyric/finely porphyritic lavas represent the productsof crystal fractionation with the most evolved lavas havingexperienced at least 40 per cent fractional crystallizationof clinopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and minor Fe-Ti oxidesand apatite. The detailed abundance variations in these lavasindicate that a number of parental magma compositions have fractionatedto produce the overall variations in basalt geochemistry, andsome of the magmas have interacted through mixing processes. The trachytic lavas show a large range in trace element abundance,but have only a limited major element variation. Most of thisvariation can be attributed to extensive (up to 70 per cent)fractional crystallization of predominantly alkali feldsparwith minor clinopyroxene, olivine, biotite, titano-magnetiteand apatite. A number of genetically distinct trachytes canbe recognized which are probably not related to each other byany simple fractional crystallization process. The compositionof the least evolved trachytes can be adequately accounted forby relatively extensive (up to 60 per cent) fractionation ofthe more evolved Middle Basalt series lavas. The trace element and isotopic characteristics of primitiveGough Island basalts support the concept that the source region(s)giving rise to these lavas is extremely enriched in highly incompatibleelements relative to primordial or ‘undepleted’mantle of bulk earth composition. It is unlikely that the lavashave sampled undepleted mantle as might be suggested by thesimilarity of the Sr and Nd isotopic ratios to ‘bulk earth’values. Rather, a model is favoured whereby the lavas are derivedfrom previously enriched sub-oceanic mantle which was subsequentlyinvaded and further enriched, at some time prior to partialmelting, by melts or fluids highly enriched in incompatibleelements. The enrichment could have occurred as veining by smalldegree partial melts or by infiltration of metasomatic fluids.     

VLF GROUND SURVEYS,A POWERFUL TOOL FOR THE STUDY OF SHALLOW TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES*

The suitability of VLF ground surveys in the investigation of shallow two-dimensional structures is analyzed. For such structures the polar formalism is derived, necessary in practice since the transmitters are generally not in the structural strike or profile. A simple vertical dike is considered to demonstrate the striking anisotropy which can be expected over such a structure, in particular the high apparent resistivity along the direction of a well-conducting dike and the low resistivity across it. The theory is then confronted with the practical example of an asymmetrical vertical dike resulting from a strike-slip fault. Modelling of the survey results is very successful and yields good confirmation of the polar behaviour. VLF ground surveys thus provide a quick and powerful tool for the study of geological accidents within about 100 m of the surface.     

广西矿产资源分布规律与主要成矿区带潜力评价

通过总结广西矿产资源分布现状和规律,在对广西成矿规律和成矿区带研究的基础上,文章总结了区域矿床时空分布规律,划分矿床成矿系列组5个,成矿系列19个、成矿亚系列25个,矿床式229个;按照成矿能力强弱（成矿地质条件优劣及成矿系列组合多少）、成矿信息多少（已知矿床、物、化、遥感信息）,找矿潜力大小为依据,在8个Ⅲ级成矿带基础上,划分出Ⅳ级成矿亚带22个,其中A级11个,B级7个,C级4个;Ⅴ级成矿区82个,其中A级55个;B级19个;C级8个,主要成矿区带矿产资源储量远景可观,找矿潜力很大,为今后勘查部署提供依据,并提出了下一步工作建议。     

近30年南昌城区湖泊面积变化图谱和动态监测

针对部分水体提取方法在提取城区水体时易出现漏提、错提和夹杂背景噪音的现象,本文提出一种更适合城市小型湖泊水体提取的方法,采用Landsat卫星影像的绿光波段、近红外波段和中红外波段(或短波红外波段),构建的经验型归一化差异水体指数ENDWI,相比NDWI和MNDWI,ENDWI在提取南昌城区水体时更具优势。本文以ENDWI为最佳水体提取模型,利用1989—2016年间4个不同时期的Landsat TM/OLI影像对南昌城区11个湖泊的面积变化状况进行了监测,从而制作了研究区各湖泊的面积变化图谱。随后引入气候指标和城镇化指标对南昌城区湖泊面积变化的成因进行分析。结果表明:气候对湖泊面积变化的影响有限,多年的城镇化运动,尤其是填湖造房运动的普遍存在才是湖泊面积变化的主要原因。     

不同材质墙体日光温室内气温演变

为探寻不同材质墙体日光温室内气温的演变规律,找出其增温保温差异,以便有针对地进行温室种植和管理,本文通过在复合异质墙体日光温室和土墙日光温室内设立不同梯度和不同方位的监测点,连续监测两座温室内气温的全天变化,并采用MATLAB技术,展现不同天气条件下两座日光温室内气温的空间变化。结果表明:(1)晴天时,复合异质墙体日光温室内的升温和降温速率均较土墙日光温室大,阴天时,两座温室内的升温和降温速率基本相等,复合异质墙体日光温室较土墙日光温室有较强的增温保温性能;(2)复合异质墙体日光温室内的气温较同时刻土墙日光温室内气温高,晴天时,复合异质墙体日光温室内最高气温和最低气温比土墙日光温室内分别高3.0~8.0℃和1.0℃,阴天时则分别高2.0~3.0℃和3.0℃。     

气动雾化进样-微波等离子体炬质谱法快速测定水样中的钙离子

环境水样中金属元素的分析通常采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS),检出限低、线性范围宽,但仍存在使用功率高、耗气量大、分析成本高以及不适用于现场分析等不足。本文为降低金属元素分析成本,建立了微波等离子体炬(MPT)与有机质谱耦合的方式检测水样中钙离子的新方法。详细探究了载气流速和维持气流速对钙离子响应信号的影响,方法检出限为224.56 ng/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~9.8%,加标回收率在86.3%~110.4%之间。本方法无需样品预处理,分析速度快、灵敏度和精确度高,为环境水样中金属离子的测定提供了新途径,有望应用于金属离子的实时在线分析。     

桂西孤立台地寒武系白云岩中的卡林型金矿床 ——以隆林德峨金矿为例

德峨金矿位于桂西隆林孤立碳酸盐岩台地内部,赋矿地层为寒武系含砂泥质白云岩,近东西向断层或节理密集带是主要的控矿构造.矿化体包括断控型和层控型2种.热液矿物组合以黄铁矿-毒砂-辉锑矿-石英-方解石为主,蚀变以硅化、白云石化、绢云母化为特征.载金黄铁矿具显微环带结构,核部低As高S、Fe,环带反之,推测Au主要以离子形式赋存于黄铁矿环带和毒砂中.成矿流体具有中低温(182～296℃)、低盐度w(NaCleq)(0.53％～8.81％)的特点,石英包裹体中水的DV-SMOW值在-71.2‰～-62.9‰之间,石英矿物δ18OV-SMOW值在22.3‰～23.5‰之间,计算出与石英平衡的流体δ18OH2O为12.13‰～14.72‰,暗示成矿流体为多种流体混合.方解石δ13CV-PDB为-7.5‰～0.6‰,δ18OH2O为19.2‰～20.6‰,表明成矿热液中碳主要来源于海相碳酸盐岩的溶解.沉积成因黄铁矿δ34S为-21.81‰～14.15‰,离散度很大,具有沉积来源的特点;热液黄铁矿环带为-7.52‰～1.23‰,与毒砂类似(平均值为-3.83‰),且由核部向外环带逐渐向零值附近靠拢,结合金主要赋存在黄铁矿环带和毒砂的事实,暗示成矿热液可能以岩浆热液为主,环带的震荡变化可能跟岩浆硫上升过程中与大气降水、盆地建造水的不同程度混合有关.上述特征表明,德峨金矿具有卡林型金矿的一般特点,独特之处是其构造部位上处于孤立台地内部,赋矿地层为寒武系不纯白云岩.据此文章提出桂西孤立碳酸盐岩台地内部具有一定的找矿潜力,寒武系不纯白云岩是新的找矿层位和岩性,断裂构造和岩性是最主要的控矿因素.此认识对桂西地区卡林型金矿找矿工作向孤立台地内部探索具有重要的指导意义.     

砂土中四筒导管架风机基础抗弯承载力研究

针对一种四筒导管架海上风机基础,基于有限元数值分析,通过建立砂土中不同筒径和筒高的四筒导管架基础有限元模型,研究砂土中单调弯矩荷载的作用下,筒径与筒高对导管架基础抗弯承载力的影响。分析结果表明:四筒导管架风机基础的抗弯承载力随着筒高或筒径的增加呈明显的增长趋势,相比于筒径的增加,筒高的增加对提高基础抗弯承载力更为有效;在极限弯矩荷载的作用下,基础旋转中心水平向位置受筒高的影响较大,但竖向位置受筒高和筒径的影响很小。