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291.
Measuring and monitoring persistent organic pollutants in the context of risk assessment 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Wu RS Chan AK Richardson BJ Au DW Fang JK Lam PK Giesy JP 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):236-244
Due to growing concerns regarding persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment, extensive studies and monitoring programs have been carried out in the last two decades to determine their concentrations in water, sediment, and more recently, in biota. An extensive review and analysis of the existing literature shows that whilst the vast majority of these efforts either attempt to compare (a) spatial changes (to identify "hot spots"), or (b) temporal changes to detect deterioration/improvement occurring in the environment, most studies could not provide sufficient statistical power to estimate concentrations of POPs in the environment and detect spatial and temporal changes. Despite various national POPs standards having been established, there has been a surprising paucity of emphasis in establishing accurate threshold concentrations that indicate potential significant threats to ecosystems and public health. Although most monitoring programs attempt to check compliance through reference to certain "environmental quality objectives", it should be pointed out that many of these established standards are typically associated with a large degree of uncertainty and rely on a large number of assumptions, some of which may be arbitrary. Non-compliance should trigger concern, so that the problem can be tracked down and rectified, but non-compliance must not be interpreted in a simplistic and mechanical way. Contaminants occurring in the physical environment may not necessarily be biologically available, and even when they are bioavailable, they may not necessarily elicit adverse biological effects at the individual or population levels. As such, we here argue that routine monitoring and reporting of abiotic and biotic POPs concentrations could be of limited use, unless such data can be related directly to the assessment of public health and ecological risks. Risk can be inferred from the ratio of predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). Currently, the paucity of data does not allow accurate estimation of PNEC, and future endeavors should therefore, be devoted to determine the threshold concentrations of POPs that can cause undesirable biological effects on sensitive receivers and important biological components in the receiving environment (e.g. keystone species, populations with high energy flow values, etc.), to enable derivation of PNECs based on solid scientific evidence and reduce uncertainty. Using the threshold body burden of POPs required to elicit damages of lysosomal integrity in the green mussel (Perna virvidis) as an example, we illustrate how measurement of POPs in body tissue could be used in predicting environmental risk in a meaningful way. 相似文献
292.
Richardson BJ Mak E De Luca-Abbott SB Martin M McClellan K Lam PK 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):503-514
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) are generally present in the marine environment in complex mixtures. The ecotoxicological nature of contaminant interactions, however, is poorly understood, with most scientific observations derived from single contaminant exposure experiments. The objective of this experiment was to examine dose-response relationships between antioxidant parameters and body contaminant levels in mussels exposed to different exposure regimes under laboratory conditions. Accordingly, the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis, was challenged with a mixture of PAHs (anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene) and OC pesticides (alpha-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, p,p'-DDT) over a 4 week period. Contaminants were delivered under four different dosing regimes, with all treatments receiving the same total contaminant load by the end of the exposure period. Antioxidant biomarkers were measured after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, including glutathione (GSH), gluathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and lipid peroxidase (LPO). GST and CAT were induced in hepatic tissues in most of the exposure regimes, with the majority of significant induction occurring in a constant exposure regime and a two-step alternate exposure regime. Significant differences among exposure regimes were detected in the body burden of contaminants after 28 days. Hepatic CAT and GSH are proposed as potentially useful biomarkers as they showed good correlation with target contaminants and were not readily affected by different dosing patterns. 相似文献
293.
Bruce J. Richardson Eva Mak Sharon B. De Luca-Abbott Michael Martin Katherine McClellan Paul K.S. Lam 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):503
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) are generally present in the marine environment in complex mixtures. The ecotoxicological nature of contaminant interactions, however, is poorly understood, with most scientific observations derived from single contaminant exposure experiments. The objective of this experiment was to examine dose-response relationships between antioxidant parameters and body contaminant levels in mussels exposed to different exposure regimes under laboratory conditions. Accordingly, the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis, was challenged with a mixture of PAHs (anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene) and OC pesticides (α-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, p,p′-DDT) over a 4 week period. Contaminants were delivered under four different dosing regimes, with all treatments receiving the same total contaminant load by the end of the exposure period. Antioxidant biomarkers were measured after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, including glutathione (GSH), gluathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and lipid peroxidase (LPO). GST and CAT were induced in hepatic tissues in most of the exposure regimes, with the majority of significant induction occurring in a constant exposure regime and a two-step alternate exposure regime. Significant differences among exposure regimes were detected in the body burden of contaminants after 28 days. Hepatic CAT and GSH are proposed as potentially useful biomarkers as they showed good correlation with target contaminants and were not readily affected by different dosing patterns. 相似文献
294.
Liliana García Isabel Pardo John S. Richardson 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2014,76(1):29-40
We studied two forested, headwater streams to compare patterns of invertebrate community structure and consequences for ecosystem functioning in two temperate locations, Galicia (NW Spain) and Vancouver (SW Canada). The two sites were selected due to the similar dominance of congeneric invertebrate species, as well as similarity in their hydromorphological and physico-chemical characteristics. Field experiments tested for similarities and dissimilarities in the invertebrate community assembly in leaf packs in streams. Our results indicated that alder leaves always decomposed faster than eucalyptus leaves, from threefold higher in Galicia to tenfold in Vancouver. At the species level, the biogeographic factor was the main source of variation on invertebrate assemblages (84.9 %), but this percentage quickly decreased at higher levels of taxonomic resolution, i.e. family. Moreover, there was a strong leaf species influence in both sites. There were more invertebrates colonizing leaves (per unit mass) in Vancouver than in Galicia (fourfold on average), though alder leaves seemed to be always the preferred resource (5.5-fold higher density on average). Regardless, a similar trophic structure was found between sites and leaf species. Brillia spp. and Corynoneura spp., a shredder and a collector-gatherer, respectively, seemed to be the most important species and showed similar colonization patterns in both sites with potential to strongly influence the leaf processing and nutrient cycling in these ecosystems. Even though our results are limited to the similarity found between only two sites, results from other studies, where the same species have been found coexisting during leaf pack processing, reinforces our results that common rules and mechanisms determine patterns of key ecological processes on a biogeographical scale. 相似文献
295.
Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Surface Sediments of the Mudflat and Mangroves at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, Hong Kong 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
296.
Effect of Different Sampling Methodologies on Measured Methane Concentrations in Groundwater Samples
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Lisa J. Molofsky Stephen D. Richardson Anthony W. Gorody Fred Baldassare June A. Black Thomas E. McHugh John A. Connor 《Ground water》2016,54(5):669-680
Analysis of dissolved light hydrocarbon gas concentrations (primarily methane and ethane) in water supply wells is commonly used to establish conditions before and after drilling in areas of shale gas and oil extraction. Several methods are currently used to collect samples for dissolved gas analysis from water supply wells; however, the reliability of results obtained from these methods has not been quantified. This study compares dissolved methane and ethane concentrations measured in groundwater samples collected using three sampling methods employed in pre‐ and post‐drill sampling programs in the Appalachian Basin. These include an open‐system collection method where 40 mL volatile organic analysis (VOA) vials are filled directly while in contact with the atmosphere (Direct‐Fill VOA) and two alternative methods: (1) a semi‐closed system method whereby 40 mL VOA vials are filled while inverted under a head of water (Inverted VOA) and (2) a relatively new (2013) closed system method in which the sample is collected without direct contact with purge water or the atmosphere (IsoFlask®). This study reveals that, in the absence of effervescence, the difference in methane concentrations between the three sampling methods was relatively small. However, when methane concentrations equaled or exceeded 20 mg/L (the approximate concentration at which effervescence occurs in the study area), IsoFlask® (closed system) samples yielded significantly higher methane concentrations than Direct‐Fill VOA (open system) samples, and Inverted VOA (semi‐closed system) samples yielded lower concentrations. These results suggest that open and semi‐closed system sample collection methods are adequate for non‐effervescing samples. However, the use of a closed system collection method provides the most accurate means for the measurement of dissolved hydrocarbon gases under all conditions. 相似文献
297.
Assessing Methane in Shallow Groundwater in Unconventional Oil and Gas Play Areas,Eastern Kentucky
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Junfeng Zhu Thomas M. Parris Charles J. Taylor Steven E. Webb Bart Davidson Richard Smath Stephen D. Richardson Lisa J. Molofsky Jenna S. Kromann Ann P. Smith 《Ground water》2018,56(3):413-424
The expanding use of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology to produce oil and gas from tight rock formations has increased public concern about potential impacts on the environment, especially on shallow drinking water aquifers. In eastern Kentucky, horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have been used to develop the Berea Sandstone and the Rogersville Shale. To assess baseline groundwater chemistry and evaluate methane detected in groundwater overlying the Berea and Rogersville plays, we sampled 51 water wells and analyzed the samples for concentrations of major cations and anions, metals, dissolved methane, and other light hydrocarbon gases. In addition, the stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition of methane (δ13C‐CH4 and δ2H‐CH4) was analyzed for samples with methane concentration exceeding 1 mg/L. Our study indicates that methane is a relatively common constituent in shallow groundwater in eastern Kentucky, where methane was detected in 78% of the sampled wells (40 of 51 wells) with 51% of wells (26 of 51 wells) exhibiting methane concentrations above 1 mg/L. The δ13C‐CH4 and δ2H‐CH4 ranged from ?84.0‰ to ?58.3‰ and from ?246.5‰ to ?146.0‰, respectively. Isotopic analysis indicated that dissolved methane was primarily microbial in origin formed through CO2 reduction pathway. Results from this study provide a first assessment of methane in the shallow aquifers in the Berea and Rogersville play areas and can be used as a reference to evaluate potential impacts of future horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing activities on groundwater quality in the region. 相似文献
298.
299.
Gulkowska A He Y So MK Yeung LW Leung HW Giesy JP Lam PK Martin M Richardson BJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(8):1287-1293
300.
映秀-北川断裂的地表破裂与变形特征 总被引:28,自引:1,他引:28
李勇 周荣军 Alexander L. DENSMORE 闫亮 Nicholas RICHARDSON 董顺利 Michael A. ELLIS 张毅 何玉林 陈浩 乔宝成 马博琳 《地质学报》2008,82(12):1688-1706
2008年5月12日在龙门山映秀北川断裂带发生的8.0级特大地震,属于逆冲—走滑型地震。本文以地表破裂为切入点,在映秀北川断裂的关键部位开展了详细的野外地貌测量,标定了映秀北川断裂带的垂向断距和水平断距,结果表明映秀北川断裂的地表破裂带从映秀向北东延伸达180~190 km,走向介于NE30°~50°之间,倾向北西,地表平均垂向断距为2.9 m, 平均水平断距为3.1 m;地表最大错动量的地点位于北川县擂鼓镇,垂直断错为6.2±0.1 m,水平断错为6.8 ±0.2 m , 逆冲分量与右行走滑分量的比值为3∶1~1∶1,表明该断裂以逆冲—右行走滑为特点,逆冲运动分量略大于或等于右行走滑运动分量。根据近南北向的分段断裂可将映秀北川断层的地表破裂带划分为两个高值区和两个低值区,其中两个高值区分别位于南段的映秀—虹口一带和中北段的擂鼓—北川县城—邓家坝一带。基于保存于破裂面上的擦痕,我们将该地震破裂过程划分为两个阶段,早期为逆冲作用,晚期为斜向走滑作用。 相似文献