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151.
The study of near-ground free convection conditions at Nam Co station on the Tibetan Plateau 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Degang Zhou Rafael Eigenmann Wolfgang Babel Thomas Foken Yaoming Ma 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,105(1-2):217-228
This study investigates the near-ground free convection conditions (FCCs) based on eddy covariance (EC) measurements at Nam Co station near the Nam Co Lake on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The spatial and temporal structure of EC measurements at this station is evaluated by using the comprehensive software package TK2 together with a footprint model. The obtained high-quality turbulent flux data are used to study the occurrence of FCCs, which can be detected with the EC system by calculating the stability parameter. Two types of generation of FCCs can be identified. (1) During the wind direction change of a diurnal thermally forced land-lake circulation system in the morning, strongly reduced wind speeds and simultaneously high buoyancy fluxes lead to a period of dominance of buoyancy over shear, and hence, to the occurrence of FCCs. (2) On days with the appearance of clouds, the land-lake circulation is weakened or reversed, dependent on the temperature gradients between the land and the Nam Co Lake. During the period of adaptation of the land-lake breeze to the alternating situation of heating differences, wind speeds decrease and buoyancy again dominates over shear near the ground. These are the situations where FCCs are also detected during the entire day at Nam Co station. The investigation of FCCs regarding the whole measurement period shows that FCCs can be mainly attributed to case (1) during the non-monsoon period, while FCCs are generated by both mechanisms (1 and 2) during the monsoon season. An impact of the FCCs on the near-ground profiles of air temperature and humidity is demonstrated. The FCCs are assumed to play an important role for the land surface-atmosphere exchange processes and the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) conditions on the TP by providing an effective transport mechanism of near-ground air mass characteristics into upper parts of the ABL. 相似文献
152.
Rafael Bartolomé Juanjo Dañobeitia François Michaud Diego Córdoba Luis A. Delgado-Argote 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(8-9):1373-1389
Three thousand kilometres of multichannel (MCS) and wide-angle seismic profiles, gravity and magnetic, multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data were recorded in the offshore area of the west coast of Mexico and the Gulf of California during the spring 1996 (CORTES survey). The seismic images obtained off Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, in the Jalisco subduction zone extend from the oceanic domain up to the continental shelf, and significantly improve the knowledge of the internal crustal structure of the subduction zone between the Rivera and North American (NA) Plates. Analyzing the crustal images, we differentiate: (1) An oceanic domain with an important variation in sediment thickness ranging from 2.5 to 1 km southwards; (2) an accretionary prism comprised of highly deformed sediments, extending for a maximum width of 15 km; (3) a deformed forearc basin domain which is 25 km wide in the northern section, and is not seen towards the south where the continental slope connects directly with the accretionary prism and trench, thus suggesting a different deformational process; and (4) a continental domain consisting of a continental slope and a mid slope terrace, with a bottom simulating reflector (BSR) identified in the first second of the MCS profiles. The existence of a developed accretionary prism suggests a subduction–accretion type tectonic regime. Detailed analysis of the seismic reflection data in the oceanic domain reveals high amplitude reflections at around 6 s [two way travel time (twtt)] that clearly define the subduction plane. At 2 s (twtt) depth we identify a strong reflection which we interpret as the Moho discontinuity. We have measured a mean dip angle of 7° ± 1° at the subduction zone where the Rivera Plate begins to subduct, with the dip angle gently increasing towards the south. The oceanic crust has a mean crustal thickness of 6.0–6.5 km. We also find evidence indicating that the Rivera Plate possibly subducts at very low angles beneath the Tres Marias Islands. 相似文献
153.
Rafael Maciel Peña Avto Goguitchaichvili Bernard Henry Leda Sánchez-Bettucci Juan Morales Bertha Aguilar Reyes Ana María Soler-Arechalde Manuel Calvo-Rathert 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2011,55(2):311-328
The paleosecular variation (PSV) and polarity transitions are two major features of the Earth’s magnetic field. Both PSV and
reversal studies are limited when age of studied units is poorly constrained. This is a case of Central and western Mexico
volcanics. Although many studies have been devoted to these crucial problems and more than 200 paleomagnetic directions are
available for the last 5 Ma, only few sites were dated directly. This paper presents new paleomagnetic results from seventeen
independent cooling units in the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field (MGVF) in western Mexico. Twelve sites are directly dated
by 40Ar/39Ar or K-Ar methods and span from 2.78 to 0.56 Ma. The characteristic paleodirections are successfully isolated for 15 lava
flows. The mean paleodirection (inclination I and declination D) obtained in this study is I = 28.8°, D = 354.9°, and Fisherian
statistical parameters are k = 28, α95 = 7.3°, N=15, which corresponds to the mean paleomagnetic pole position Plat = 83.9°, Plong = 321.6°, K = 34, A95 = 6.6°. The paleodirections obtained in present study compiled with those, previously reported from the MGVF, are practically
undistinguishable from the expected Plio-Quaternary paleodirections. The paleosecular variation is estimated through the study
of the scatter of the virtual geomagnetic poles giving SF = 15.9 with SU =21.0 and SL = 12.7 (upper and lower limits respectively). These values agree reasonably well with the recent statistical Models. The
oldest sites analyzed (the Santa Teresa and Cerro Alto) yield normal polarity magnetizations as expected for the cooling units
belonging to the Gauss geomagnetic Chron. The interesting feature of the record comes from lava flows dated at about 2.35
Ma with clearly defined normal directions. This may point out the possible existence of a normal polarity magnetization in
the Matuyama reversed Chron older than the Reunion and may be correlated to Halawa event interpreted as the Cryptochron C2r.2r-1.
Another important feature of the geomagnetic record obtained from the MGVF is the evidence of fully reversed geomagnetic field
within Bruhnes Chron, at about 0.56 Ma corresponding to the relative paleointensity minimum of global extent found in marine
sediments at about 590 ka. 相似文献
154.
Rafael Pérez-López Maria P. Asta Gabriela Román-Ross José Miguel Nieto Carles Ayora Rémi Tucoulou 《Chemical Geology》2011,280(3-4):336-343
Simultaneous analysis of micro-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) and micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) based on synchrotron light sources, and electron microprobe (EMP) analyses, were performed on iron terrace samples taken from Tinto-Odiel river system from the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IBP, SW Iberian Peninsula). Iron terraces are formed during the oxidation and precipitation of dissolved iron along the riverbeds impacted by acid mine drainage (AMD). This paper includes the study of actively-forming current terraces and fossil terraces isolated from the stream courses due to the river migration over time. The results of the study of current terrace samples from AMD-affected streams of two IPB abandoned mines (Tinto Santa Rosa and Cueva de la Mora) showed that fresh precipitates at the surface are composed primarily of metastable schwertmannite, which is gradually transformed at depth over short-time scales into goethite. Sediments of ancient terraces are composed mainly of goethite, which most likely originated from the re-crystallization of a precursor schwertmannite. However, at century-time scale, goethite partially re-crystallizes to hematite due to diagenetic processes. The transformation rate of goethite into hematite is negatively correlated with grain size and the crystallinity of goethite. Moreover, this transformation is accompanied by an increase in grain size and a decrease in surface area of hematite, and a concomitant decrease in arsenic trapped in the solid. This increase in the arsenic mobility during the diagenetic maturation should be considered in the development of conceptual and analytical models describing long-term fate, transport and bioavailability of arsenic in environmental systems. 相似文献
155.
Rafael Fernandez-Carazo Elie Verleyen Dominic A. Hodgson Stephen J. Roberts Krzysztof Waleron Wim Vyverman Annick Wilmotte 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2013,50(1):15-31
Despite the dominance of cyanobacteria in polar freshwater aquatic ecosystems, little is known about their past biodiversity and response to climate and environmental changes. We explored the use of light microscopy of microfossils, high performance liquid chromatography of the fossil pigment composition and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of fossil 16S rRNA genes to study past and present-day differences in cyanobacterial community structure in response to climate changes in two adjacent maritime Antarctic lakes with contrasting depths (4 and 26 m) and light climates. Light microscopy was of limited use because of degradation of cell structures. Fossil cyanobacterial pigment concentrations were below the detection limits of our method in several sediment samples in the deep lake, but abundant and diverse in the sediment core from the shallow pond, probably as a consequence of increased light availability and/or a more diverse and abundant benthic cyanobacterial flora. Total carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations were highest in both lakes between ca. 2,950 and 1,800 cal yr BP, which coincides with the late Holocene climate optimum recognised elsewhere in maritime Antarctica. Cyanobacterial molecular diversity was higher in the top few centimeters of the sediments in both lakes. In deeper sediments, the taxonomic turnover of cyanobacteria appeared to be relatively small in response to past climate anomalies in both lakes, underscoring the broad tolerance of cyanobacteria to environmental variability. This, however, may in part be explained by the low taxonomic resolution obtained with the relatively conserved 16S rRNA gene and/or the preferential preservation of particular taxa. Our results highlight the potential of fossil DNA in lake sediments to study colonization and succession dynamics of lacustrine cyanobacteria and warrant further investigation of the factors that affect preservation of cyanobacterial DNA. 相似文献
156.
157.
Enrique Ávila María del Carmen Méndez‐Trejo Rafael Riosmena‐Rodríguez Juan M. López‐Vivas Abel Sentíes 《Marine Ecology》2012,33(4):470-480
The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction of a non‐native macroalga (Acanthophora spicifera) with native macroalgae (Sargassum spp.) and sponge assemblages in a subtropical embayment of the Mexican Pacific. The intensity of A. spicifera epiphytism on the native seaweed Sargassum varied significantly over time and was inversely related to the Sargassum density and size. The higher intensity (up to 28 individuals per host plant) occurred when Sargassum was smaller and was lower in density (senescence period). The lower intensity was recorded during the growth period of Sargassum and the subsequent increase in intensity was attributed to a high fragmentation period of A. spicifera, which was evidenced by a decrease in its average size and biomass and by the presence of larger free‐floating accumulations on the subtidal zone. The facultative interaction between A. spicifera and Sargassum appears to be neutral, as no negative or positive effects were found for epiphytic or basibiont seaweeds. However, this invasive seaweed characteristically monopolizes almost all types of hard substrate, and its effects on other algae and benthic organisms should be investigated. Moreover, A. spicifera was often epizoic on epilithic sponges. This invasive seaweed was found anchored on the sponge tissue by rhizome‐like structures. In addition, free‐floating fronds of A. spicifera were frequently found carrying small pieces of the basibiont sponge in its basis (60% of them with eggs and embryos), which suggests a novel facilitation mechanism for some sponge species, as the A. spicifera epizoism could favor fragmentation, dispersal and recruitment of these invertebrates. This study shows that A. spicifera is not only a species that adapts rapidly to the new conditions of the receiving environment but, due to its epibiotic traits, it can directly interact with and influence the life histories of some native species. 相似文献
158.
Ricardo Henrique Moreton Godoi Patricia Y. Hirata Andre V. L. Bitterncourt Ana F. L. Godoi Miguel Jafelicci Jr Francisco J. dos Santos Rafael Bini Liuz F. Zara Cynara L. N. Cunha Ana P. K Soares Eduardo F. Gobbi Sanja Potgieter‐Vermaak José E. F. C. Gardolinski José M. Reis Neto Giuliana Gatto Rotondo Rene van Grieken 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2012,40(4):364-372
Suspended particles and dissolved substances in water provide reactive surfaces, influence metabolic activity and contribute to the net sediment deposition. It therefore plays an important part in the ecology and quality of the water mass. The water quality in reservoirs is crucial and it is naturally maintained by flushing and sedimentation, which continuously remove phosphorus from the water. In some reservoirs, however, these removal processes are countered by recycling of ions which could play a key role to start and/or maintain the eutrophic state. The combination of macro‐, trace‐ and microanalysis techniques can be useful to trace pollution sources through a chemical fingerprint, whether be during an acute environmental disaster or a long‐term release of pollutants. The water quality and total metal content of reservoir sediments were assessed in a reservoir, situated in the capital of the Paraná State, in the South‐Eastern part of Brazil. The goal of this paper was to determine the metal presence in the sediment and metal and ionic speciation in the Green River reservoir water. Water and bed sediment samples, collected from various sites during 2008 and 2009, were investigated using XRF, ICP‐OES, ICP‐MS, XRD and zeta potential measurements. Based on the results, the heavy metal concentration and chemical composition of the suspended matter in the water samples, as well as the sediment's chemical composition will be discussed. 相似文献
159.
160.
William L. Bandy Juanjo Dañobeitia Carlos Mortera Gutiérrez Yuri Taran Rafael Bartolomé 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2016,173(10-11):3213-3216