基于地貌扩散和水动力扩散的流域瞬时单位线研究

流域汇流是地貌扩散和水动力扩散共同作用的结果。用宽度函数描述地貌扩散,用河道响应函数描述水动力扩散,从而导出了流域地貌瞬时单位线的表达式。建立了长江三峡区间沿渡河流域的数字高程模型(DEM),由此自动生成了该流域水系,并提取了流域地貌瞬时单位线公式所需的地貌信息。23场洪水的检验结果表明:所建议的流域地貌瞬时单位线公式用于流域汇流计算具有较高的精度。     

460大型铀-钼矿床成矿地质特征及成因探讨

460铀-钼矿床是冀北沽源中生代火山岩盆地中找到的一个大型中低温热液斑岩型铀-钼矿床。文中阐述了该铀-钼矿床的地质特征,从区域成矿迁移过程和演化历史分析的角度,结合蚀变元素地球化学特征研究,对成矿物质来源进行探讨;总结了矿床的3个主成矿期（24、88和122Ma）,具有斑岩型、浸染型、网脉型和表生铀矿化3种矿化类型。对矿床特征及成因进行探讨。通过研究新近纪表生淋积作用在矿体上部地表处附近形成的次生富集带,总结出冀北火山岩地区铀-钼地质找矿工作靶区的判别依据,明确了寻找此类型铀-钼矿床或盲矿体的直接标志。     

珠江磨刀门河口交杯四沙现代沉积特征及其形成机理

通过对交杯四沙表层现代沉积考察,分析了滩面沉积微地貌类型,并结合粒度分析和成分分析,探讨不同微地貌沉积特征,进而讨论了交杯四沙的形成过程。研究结果表明:交杯四沙表层发育有低潮线以下、低潮位波浪冲洗带、高潮位冲洗带、风暴潮冲洗带、滩顶冲越带、滨后冲越带、冲越扇中部、冲越扇前缘斜坡以及分流间湾区等9个微地貌单元,代表了9个微相分区。交杯四沙滩面主要以粉砂和细砂为主,整体上分选性中到差,矿物成分主要为石英和黏土矿物。交杯四沙东侧是磨刀门主河槽,以径流为主;西侧沿白藤海、灯笼沙至三灶岛水道以潮流为主。交杯三沙以南,四砂以北构成了分流间凹地环境。交杯四沙以南为东南向的波浪作用带。交杯四沙和其他交杯沙系列沙体具有相同的形成过程,首先由河槽底流将拦门沙沉积物向西搬运沉积形成浅滩,浅滩受潮流和波浪的改造其平面形态呈酒杯状,浅滩的东南面受东南向波浪的作用,前坡遭受侵蚀,在后坡产生堆积,由此沙滩逐渐向陆迁移,先后形成交杯一沙、二沙、三沙和四沙,交杯一沙、二沙和三沙已经合并成陆。随时间的推移,交杯四沙也将与交杯三沙相接成陆,新的交杯五沙有望形成,磨刀门西侧浅滩区将演变成由一系列反曲沙脊和潮滩相间而成的三角洲“滩-脊”平原。     

俯冲物质深地幔循环——地球动力学研究的一个新方向

地球上发生的各种地壳运动,大规模的火山喷发,不同深度不同规模的地震活动,规模宏大的山脉和高原的形成,以及地球历史上发生的大陆漂移运动,都被认为与板块构造活动密切相关.但这些运动的动力源究竟来自何方?如何去发现和证明它们的存在以及从理论上去认识和解释,是当今地球科学面临的巨大挑战,也是今后很长一段时间内地球科学的前沿和热...     

斑岩铜矿的源岩或源区探讨

世界斑岩铜矿主要产于中亚-蒙古带，环太平洋带和特提斯带，上述三个地带分别为古生代、中新生代和新生代聚合板块最活跃的地区。还有少数斑岩铜矿产于前寒武纪造山带，推测类似的板块聚合的地质环境可能从前寒武纪就开始了。作者结合斑岩铜矿产出的地质环境分析，利用大量锶初始值、εNd(t)，εSr(t)和REE等资料，说明成矿斑岩的源岩或源区与大洋玄武岩(或亏损上地幔)比较接近。由此推测成矿斑岩主要是洋壳或上地幔部分熔融的产物，但也有部分下地壳混合的证据。斑岩铜矿带在空间上与活动大陆边缘相吻合，与板块缝合带相伴生(产于板块缝合带的上盘)；在时间上从洋壳俯冲(Subduction)到陆陆碰撞造山过程(Continent-continent collision orogeny)都有斑岩铜矿产生，因此，它们贯穿活动大陆边缘增生到岩石圈折沉整个过程。     

Condensation of water vapour on moss-dominated biological soil crust,NW China

Characteristics of water vapour condensation, including the onset, duration, and amount of water vapour condensation on moss-dominated biological soil crust (BSC) and dune sand were studied under simulated conditions with varying air temperature and relative humidity. The simulations were performed in a plant growth chamber using an electronic balance recording the weight of condensation. There was a positive linear correlation between the water vapour condensation and relative humidity while the mean temperature was negatively linearly related to amounts of water vapour condensation for both soil surfaces. The amount of water vapour condensation on BSC and dune sand can be described by the difference between air temperature and dew point with an exponential function, indicating that when the difference of air temperature and dew point exceeds a value of 35.3^?C, there will be zero water vapour condensed on BSC. In contrast, when the difference of air temperature and dew point exceeds a value of 20.4^?C, the water vapour condensation will be zero for dune sand. In general, when the air is fully saturated with water and the dew point is equal to the current air temperature, the water vapour condensed on BSC attained its maximum value of 0.398 mm, whereas it was 0.058 mm for dune sand. In comparison, water vapour condensed on BSC was at a relatively high temperature and low relative humidity, while we did not detect water vapour condensation on the dune sand under the similar conditions. Physical and chemical analyses of the samples pointed to a greater porosity, high content of fine particles, and high salinity for BSC compared to the dune sand. These results highlight that soil physicochemical properties are the likely factors influencing the mechanism of water vapour condensation under specific meteorological conditions, as onset was earlier and the duration was longer for water vapour condensation on BSC in comparison with that of dune sand. This contributed to the greater amount of vapour absorbed on BSC compared to the dune sand under an identical meteorological condition. The feedback of water vapour condensation on BSC formation and its contribution to sustain the revegetation desert ecosystems was discussed.     

Quantitative mineral analysis of (99942) Apophis using reflectance spectroscopy

The impact threat of some near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs) drives our need to understand their mineral compositions. Quantitative mineral abundances based on reflectance spectroscopy are of great significance for studying the compositions of NEAs. In this study, we constrained the surface mineralogy of (99942) Apophis based on multiple diagnostic spectral parameters. The influence of non-mineral component factors (e.g., space weathering, phase angle, and surface temperature) on diagnostic spectral parameters was evaluated. We established the connection between Apophis and corresponding meteorite analog. Our results show that the abundances of olivine and pyroxene on the surface of Apophis are 53.4 ± 6 wt% and 35.6 ± 2 wt%, respectively. The 1 μm band width is basically unaffected by phase-angle changes and is less affected by temperature variations. Low temperature has more obvious effects on the 1.25/1 μm band depth ratio (BDR 1.25) based on the present data. When the phase angle ranges from 60° to 120°, the BDR 1.25 changes significantly with the increase or decrease of phase angle. In terms of spectral characteristics, the best meteorite analog of Apophis is LL chondrite, confirming earlier interpretations. Mineral analyses based on multiple diagnostic spectral parameters provide more consistent results. Knowledge of the surface compositions of Apophis can also inform optimum or possible defense strategies for it and other NEAs.     

俯冲、碰撞、深断裂和埃达克岩与斑岩铜矿

无论是碰撞前的B型俯冲,还是碰撞后的A型俯冲,形成斑岩铜矿都必须要有洋壳或上地幔为主的物质参与.因此斑岩铜矿的初始锶值都小于0.708,超过0.708,则意味地壳物质的增多,将形成斑岩钼矿和斑岩钨锡矿.斑岩铜矿带常常与切穿地壳的深断裂带平行共生,并产于其上盘,在该地带往往发育壳幔混合以幔为主的深源花岗质浅成-超浅成小斑岩体.含铜斑岩和埃达克岩可能均为俯冲和交代产物,因而具有相似的特征,但到俯冲末期它们分道扬镳了.文章通过对冈底斯斑岩铜(钼、金和多金属)矿带的分析,来讨论俯冲、碰撞和深断裂带与斑岩铜矿的关系.同时也通过我国中央碰撞造山带仅发育斑岩钼矿,而缺乏斑岩铜矿,从而证明上地幔物质的加入对斑岩铜(金)矿的重要意义.