An application of Coons patch to generate grid-based digital elevation models

We have presented a new method for generating grid-based digital elevation models (DEMs) based on Coons patch. A series of Gaussian synthetic surfaces with various surface complexities were employed to comparatively analyze the simulation accuracies of Coons patch and the classical interpolation methods, such as IDW, Natural neighbor, SPLINE and KRIGING. Results indicate that irrespective of terrain complexity, Coons patch is much more accurate than the classical interpolation methods, and the accuracy of Coons patch is about 327.30, 15.19, 3.66 and 40.07 times as high as the accuracies of IDW, Natural neighbor, SPLINE and KRIGING on average. A real-world test area was used to test the effect of sampling density on the simulation accuracy. The results indicate that Coons patch has a higher accuracy than the classical interpolation methods regardless of sampling density. In a word, Coons patch as an accurate interpolation method can be used for grid-based DEM construction.     

明长城资源调查与测量综述

由于历史的原因和技术条件所限,我国一直未能实施长城资源的综合科学调查,缺乏关于其空间分布、保存状况、实际长度等方面的科学数据资料。为了摸清明长城＂家底＂,国家测绘局和国家文物局发挥各自优势,联合开展了长城资源调查与测量工作。按照＂文物部门定性、测绘部门定量＂的基本策略,提出了＂影像为基、立体量测、带状建库＂的总体研究思路;研究制定了明长城资源田野调查、明长城长度量测和明长城资源地理信息系统建设的技术路线;开展了技术试点、标准制定、人员培训、质量控制等方面的工作。经过来自明长城沿线10个省（市、自治区）的上百名文物专家和700多名测绘专业技术人员三年多的不懈努力,该项目在世界上首次完成了长达8 800余公里的超大型线型文化遗产的资源综合调查与测量,第一次全面获得了关于明长城资源分布与坡面长度等一系列丰硕成果,成功地拓展了地理信息在文物领域的应用,在国内外产生了重要影响。     

聚丙烯纤维增强异形柱边节点的抗震性能研究

通过3个聚丙烯纤维增强混凝土异形柱边节点和1个普通混凝土异形柱边节点的低周反复荷载试验,对比研究了聚丙烯纤维增强对混凝土异形柱节点抗震性能的影响。结果表明:采用聚丙烯纤维增强可以提高节点的开裂荷载和变形能力,减小核心区内裂缝的数量和宽度,延缓构件的刚度退化,减轻节点的累积损伤程度,有效改善节点的破坏形态,有利于节点抗震。     

甘肃地区3次中强地震前两种地震学前兆变化特征

根据Allegre的地壳介质破裂的尺度理论研究了甘肃地区近期3次中强地震前两种地震学前兆(地震空间相关长度和尾波Q值)的变化特征.结果表明,在3次地震前这两种参数都表现出增长的特征,并可用幂次率关系拟合.     

Estimation of shear wave velocity profiles by the inversion of spatial autocorrelation coefficients

The subsurface shear-wave velocity (Vs) is considered to be a key parameter for site characterization and assessment of earthquake hazard because of its great influence on local ground-motion amplification. Array microtremor measurements are widely used for the estimation of shear-wave velocities. Compared to other methods such as frequency-wavenumber (f-k) methods, the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method requires fewer sensors and thus is relatively easier to implement and gives robust estimations of shear-wave velocity profiles for depths down to a few hundred meters. The quantity derived from observed data is the SPAC coefficient, which is a function of correlation distance, frequency and phase velocity. Generally, estimation of Vs profiles is a two stage process: Estimation of the dispersion data from the SPAC coefficients and inversion of the dispersion data for shear-wave velocity structure. In this study, instead of inverting dispersion curves, a more practical approach is used; that is, observed SPAC coefficients are directly inverted for the S-wave velocities. A synthetic case and a field data application are presented to test the potential of the inversion algorithm. We obtain an iterative damped least-squares solution with differential smoothing. The differential smoothing approach constrains the change in shear-wave velocities of the adjacent layers and thus stabilizes the inversion.     

转换波二极化校正及在陆上气云区的应用(英文)

转换波技术是解决气云区成像问题的有效手段,而二极化现象则是制约转换波构造成像精度提高的一个重要因素。解决该问题的一个有效办法是二极化校正:将转换波速度分解为基本速度和速度扰动,分两步对转换波地震数据进行叠加速度分析和叠前时间偏移速度分析。柴达木盆地三湖地区天然气资源丰富,气云广泛发育,通过对三湖地区二维三分量地震数据的研究分析,发现该地区转换波二极化现象明显,对转换波的准确成像有较大影响。通过对转换波二极化校正方法的应用,不论是在叠加成像,还是叠前偏移成像都取得了较好的效果,提高了气云区转换波构造成像的精度。二极化校正对解决气云区转换波剩余静校正有重要促进作用,二极化校正与转换波剩余静校正的结合是陆上气云区转换波高精度成像流程中必不可少的环节。     

盈江5.8级地震震害特点分析及讨论

2011年3月10日12点58分,云南省盈江县发生了5.8级地震,造成25人死亡,314人受伤(其中重伤134人),直接经济损失23.8亿元。本文根据地震现场调查资料,阐述了地震受灾区的环境及其地质构造背景,分析了场地效应及断层效应,对震害特点进行了较为全面的分析总结。     

On‐line Solid Phase Extraction of Copper in Water Samples with Flow Injection Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

An on‐line solid phase extraction method for the preconcentration and determination of Cu(II) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry has been described. The procedure is based on the retention of Cu(II) ions at pH 6.0 on a minicolumn packed with Amberlite XAD‐1180 resin impregnated with chrome azurol S. After preconcentration, Cu(II) ions adsorbed on the impregnated resin were eluted by 1 mol L^?1 HNO₃ solution. Several parameters, such as pH, type of eluent, flow rates of sample and eluent solutions, amount of resin were evaluated. At optimized conditions, for 3.5 min of preconcentration time, the system achieved a detection limit of 1.0 µg L^?1, and a relative standard deviation of 1.2% at 0.2 µg mL^?1 copper. An enrichment factor of 56‐fold was obtained with respect to the copper determination. The proposed method was successfully validated by the analysis of standard reference material (TMDA 54.4 lake water) and recovery studies. The method was applied to the preconcentration of Cu(II) in natural water samples.     

Regional gravimetric quasi-geoid model and transformation surface to national height system for Turkey (THG-09)

Turkish regional geoid models have been developed by employing a reference earth gravitational model, surface gravity observations and digital terrain models. The gravimetric geoid models provide a ready transformation from ellipsoidal heights to the orthometric heights through the use of GPS/leveling geoid heights determined through the national geodetic networks. The recent gravimetric models for Turkish territory were computed depending on OSU91 (TG-91) and EGM96 (TG-03) earth gravitational models. The release of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM08), the collection of new surface gravity observations, the advanced satellite altimetry-derived gravity over the sea, and the availability of the high resolution digital terrain model have encouraged us to compute a new geoid model for Turkey. We used the Remove-Restore procedure based on EGM08 and applied Residual Terrain Model (RTM) reduction of the surface gravity data. Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) was then used to obtain the residual quasigeoid from the reduced gravity. We restored the individual contributions of EGM08 and RTM to the whole quasi-geoid height (TQG-09). Since the Helmert orthometric height system is adopted in Turkey, the quasi-geoid model (TQG-09) was then converted to the geoid model (TG-09) by making use of Bouguer gravity anomalies and digital terrain model. After all we combined a gravimetric geoid model with GPS/leveling geoid heights in order to obtain a hybrid geoid model (THG-09) (or a transformation surface) to be used in GPS applications. The RMS of the post-fit residuals after the combination was found to be ± 0.95 cm, which represents the internal precision of the final combination. And finally, we tested the hybrid geoid model with GPS/leveling data, which were not used in the combination, to assess the external accuracy. Results show that the external accuracy of the THG-09 model is ± 8.4 cm, a precision previously not achieved in Turkey until this study.     

Generalized force vectors for multi‐mode pushover analysis

A generalized pushover analysis (GPA) procedure is developed for estimating the inelastic seismic response of structures under earthquake ground excitations. The procedure comprises applying different generalized force vectors separately to the structure in an incremental form with increasing amplitude until a prescribed seismic demand is attained for each generalized force vector. A generalized force vector is expressed as a combination of modal forces, and simulates the instantaneous force distribution acting on the system when a given response parameter reaches its maximum value during dynamic response to a seismic excitation. While any response parameter can be selected arbitrarily, generalized force vectors in the presented study are derived for maximum interstory drift parameters. The maximum value of any other response parameter is then obtained from the envelope of GPAs results. Each nonlinear static analysis under a generalized force vector activates the entire multi‐degree of freedom effects simultaneously. Accordingly, inelastic actions develop in members with the contribution of all ‘instantaneous modes’ in the nonlinear response range. Target seismic demands for interstory drifts at the selected stories are calculated from the associated drift expressions. The implementation of the proposed GPA is simpler compared with nonlinear response history analysis, whereas it is less demanding in computational effort when compared with several multi‐mode adaptive nonlinear static procedures. Moreover, it does not suffer from the statistical combination of inelastic modal responses obtained separately. The results obtained from building frames have demonstrated that GPA is successful in estimating maximum member deformations and member forces with reference to the response history analysis. When the response is linear elastic, GPA and response spectrum analysis produce identical results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.