动态古地貌再造: Badlands软件在盆地分析中的应用*

近几年来的研究发现,当存在较强的构造活动时,古地理特征变化将会加快,而常规方法很难对这一构造活动过程中的古地理和古地貌进行有效的恢复和研究。Basin and Landscape Dynamics(Badlands)软件正是基于前人的研究工作而开发的一款数值模拟软件,用于模拟各种空间和时间尺度的地貌演化。它可用于研究地表演化过程、预测侵蚀和沉积速率并评估沉积物通量,从而实现对古地理和古地貌进行更为精细化的研究。笔者介绍了Badlands软件的基本原理和方法,并将此方法应用于东海陆架盆地南部中生代地貌及地质演化过程的研究: 首先利用研究区域内现有的地震剖面、测井、平衡剖面等资料获得中生代早期的古地形;再通过恢复的古地形构建数值模型,并加载降雨量、岩石侵蚀性、海平面变化、动力地形调整和地壳弹性层厚度等相关参数进行模拟研究,以分析强烈的构造运动对盆地地貌演化的影响;最后对比模拟结果与已知的中生代的地貌特征和沉积分布,并据此进一步分析中生代盆地演化过程中的沉积物分布规律以及三维古地理和古地貌演化特征。该方法可以为沉积盆地充填过程分析和能源矿产勘探提供有益的思路。     

多源空间大数据支持下的南京高校区位优势度分析

基于城市空间大数据,综合生活、交通、环境、人口因素构建了高校区位优势度的评价指标体系,结合专家打分及熵权法对南京高校区位优势进行评估。结果表明：①南京高校综合区位优势度在空间上呈现以南京新街口地区为中心并且向四周递减的结构,区域化特征差异明显;②高校生活区位优势呈现“一超多强”且沿地铁线路分布的多核心空间格局,生活评分变化幅度与所在区域的商业辐射能力呈正相关关系,并且随着范围的扩大两极分化程度加深;③高校交通区位优势以新街口地区为中心,呈现中心评分高、四周低,并主要沿轨道交通线路分布的空间格局;④综合评价表明南京的3个大学城中,江宁大学城发展最好,其次为仙林,浦口最差,但均与主城区内高校群存在较大差距。本文评价结果可为南京市城市基础设施建设,大学城完善及新建大学城规划布局提供科学参考。     

基于拉格朗日分析法的中尺度涡精细三维结构研究及其误差估计

在前人的工作中,拉格朗日分析法被用来演示大尺度环流,同时拉格朗日拟序结构可以较好的演示中尺度涡两维结构的发展过程。然而,很少研究关注怎么利用拉格朗日分析法针对中尺度涡三维结构进行演示。与以往利用欧拉方法研究中尺度涡三维结构的工作不同,我们利用拉格朗日分析法,从另一个视角来研究涡旋结构。我们在海山上方模拟出一个理想的气旋涡,涡旋内的下沉流和涡旋旁的上升流形成一个闭合的环流。这种结构很难从欧拉角度来演示。然而,粒子的运动轨迹很好地展示了整个循环:流体在涡旋中旋转下沉,汇聚到底层的上升流区,并通过上升流返回到海表面。我们也将拉格朗日分析法应用于真实的模拟结果中。作为中国南海的一个重要现象,靠近越南中部的海域中的偶极子（反气旋涡/气旋涡）,关于其结构的研究已经比较成熟了,但这些研究主要关注的是海面过程。通过拉格朗日分析,我们很好的演示了偶极子的三维结构:流体在反气旋涡(气旋涡)内部旋转上升(下沉)。更重要的是,粒子的轨迹表明,这两个涡旋之间不存在水团交换,因为强边界急流将它们彼此分开。以上结论均得到了计算误差估计的可信度支持。尽管在强辐散流和强垂直扩散流中,计算误差逐渐增大,但是在一定的时间步长和积分周期内,计算误差始终保持在一个较小的值。     

春、夏季秦皇岛海域超微型浮游植物

2017年6月和8月,通过对秦皇岛海域的超微型浮游植物进行现场调查和流式细胞仪分析,发现了聚球藻(Synechococcus)和超微型真核藻类(picoeukaryotes)两大类群,其中聚球藻又分为聚球藻Ⅰ和聚球藻Ⅱ两个亚群。调研期间,正处于秦皇岛海域褐潮高发期。通过分析超微型浮游植物细胞丰度、碳生物量及分布特点,研究了秦皇岛海域在褐潮高发期超微型浮游植物分布及相关环境因子影响。结果表明,6月份超微型真核藻、聚球藻Ⅰ和聚球藻Ⅱ平均丰度分别为1.14×104 个/mL、4.02×104 个/mL和1.04×104 个/mL,碳生物量均值分别为27.22 μg/L、8.49 μg/L和2.27 μg/L;在8月份超微型真核藻、聚球藻Ⅰ和聚球藻Ⅱ平均丰度分别为3.27×103 个/mL、5.79×104 个/mL 和2.58×104个/mL,碳生物量均值分别为6.35 μg/L、13.41 μg/L和5.83 μg/L。超微型真核藻、聚球藻Ⅰ和聚球藻Ⅱ在6月份和8月份表现出不同的分布特征。超微型真核藻的细胞丰度从6月到8月明显降低一个数量级,说明8月份过高的水体温度与低浓度的营养物质等因素限制了超微型真核藻中褐潮种的生长。聚球藻Ⅰ和聚球藻Ⅱ细胞丰度在6月份呈现从河口到近岸逐渐升高的分布趋势,而超微型真核藻呈现下降的分布趋势。与6月份聚球藻Ⅰ和聚球藻Ⅱ细胞丰度分布相反,超微型真核藻和聚球藻Ⅰ细胞丰度则在8月份呈现从河口到近岸逐渐降低的分布趋势,而聚球藻Ⅱ细胞丰度的区域分布趋势不明显,主要分布在水体表层。通过对超微型真核藻、聚球藻Ⅰ和聚球藻Ⅱ与环境因子相关性分析表明,6月份硝酸盐与铵盐是聚球藻Ⅰ细胞生长的主要控制因子,而聚球藻Ⅱ与环境因子没有明显的相关性,超微型真核藻的细胞丰度与硅酸盐浓度呈正相关。在8月份,超微型真核藻细胞的生长受到多种环境因子(硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硅酸盐、磷酸盐、温度以及光照)的共同作用的影响,聚球藻Ⅰ细胞丰度与硝酸盐呈正相关,温度与光照则是影响聚球藻Ⅱ细胞分布的关键因素。     

Regulation of water quality and growth characteristics of indoor raceway culture of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis>

Two modes of regulating the water quality of experimental ponds in indoor raceway culture of Litopenaeus vannamei were evaluated using simple water treatment facilities. A self-made water purifying net, aeration stone, composite microbe preparation, and Ceratophyllum demersum were placed in the experimental ponds and the culture water was circulated along the raceway inside the pond using a paddle wheel aerator. In addition, the water quality in the experimental pond was improved by draining effluent from the pipeline at the bottom of ponds 7 and 8 (mode I) and exchanging the circulating water in pond 10 (mode II) with the reservoir water in pond 9 using a pump and pipeline. The water quality in the experimental ponds was similar in response to regulation using mode I or mode II. Water quality parameters in the experimental ponds were controlled within a suitable range by simple facilities during culture period without using any chemical treatments. The rich content of dissolved oxygen was maintained by the circular flow and continuous aeration of the pond water. The respective average values of the main water parameters in experimental ponds 7 and 10 in response to regulation of the water quality using modes I and II were as follows: pH 8.17 and 7.99; DO 5.16 mg/L and 5.97 mg/L; COD_Mn 18.45 and 12.61 mg/L; TAN (NH₃-N) 0.854 mg/L (0.087 mg/L) and 0.427 mg/L (0.012 mg/L); NO₂-N 0.489 mg/L and 0.337 mg/L. Moreover, the average body length and body weight of harvested shrimp of pond 7 and pond 10 were 7.56 cm and 8.99 cm, 5.10 g and 8.33 g, respectively. Furthermore, the survival rate, average biomass yield and average condition factor of the shrimp harvested were 70% and 60%, 2.54 kg/m² and 2.14 kg/m², and 0.675 g/cm and 0.927 g/cm, respectively. Linear equations describing the relationship between body length and culture time and cubic or power functions describing the relationship between body weight and body length were obtained based on evaluation of the growth data of shrimps throughout the culture period.     

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济阳县土壤元素有效量及其影响因素研究

通过对济阳县生态地球化学调查研究,该区受成土母质来源、土壤类型、地形地貌及其理化性质等因素影响,土壤元素全量、有效量及有效度表现为：低平洼地土壤中K,P,N,Se,Mn,Fe,Zn,Cu和Mo全量较高,P,N,Se和Cu有效量较高,显示为低平洼地为黏质成分的沉积成因特点;而决口扇形地区土壤Cu,Mo,N,Zn,B有效量和全量均偏低。富含有机质,且pH相对较低的潮土中Se,Cu,Mo和B等元素有效度较高,贫有机质、pH相对较高的草甸风沙土中N,Fe,Cu,Mo,B和S等元素有效量较低,但K有效量和有效度均较高。统计分析表明,土壤中K,P,N,S和Cu等元素全量与有效量间具显著正相关性,表明全量是有效量的重要影响控制因素;有机质含量与K,P,Zn,Cu和B有效度间为显著正相关,说明有机质较高有利于土壤元素活化;Fe,P,S,Zn,B和Cu有效度与pH值为显著负相关,表明土壤酸性增强会增加这类元素的生物有效性。     

Dynamics of heterotrophic dinoflagellates off the Pearl River Estuary,northern South China Sea

Variations in abundance, biomass, vertical profile and cell size of heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HDFs) between summer and winter and its controlling factors were studied in the northern South China Sea (SCS). It was found that HDF abundance and carbon biomass were 4–102 × 10³ cells L⁻¹ and 0.34–12.3 mg C L⁻¹ in winter (February 2004), respectively, while they were 2–142 × 10³ cells L⁻¹ and 0.22–31.4 μg C L⁻¹ in summer (July, 2004), respectively, in the northern SCS. HDF abundance and carbon biomass decreased from the estuary to inshore and then offshore. Vertical profiles of HDF abundance were heterogeneous, which accorded well with that of chlorophyll a (Chl.a). Higher abundance of HDFs was often observed at a depth of 30–70 m offshore waters, matching well with the Chl.a maximum, while it showed high abundance at the surface in some coastal and estuary stations. Small HDFs (≤20 μm) dominated the assemblage in term of abundance accounting for more than 90%. However, large HDFs (>20 μm) generally contributed equally in terms of carbon biomass, accounting for 47% on average. HDFs showed different variation patterns for the different study regions; in the estuarine and continental shelf regions, abundance and biomass values were higher in summer than those in winter, while it was the reverse pattern for the slope waters. Hydrological factors (e.g. water mass, river outflow, monsoon and eddies) associated with biological factors, especially the size-fractionated Chl.a, seemed to play an important role in regulating HDF distribution and variations in the northern South China Sea.     

基于ITRF2005的全球板块运动模型

基于最新的国际地球参考架ITRF2005的速度场,构建了一个新的现时板块运动模型ITRF2005VEL,比以往用空间测量技术或地质、地球物理资料建立的板块运动模型更精确和更全面地反映现时全球板块运动的特点。求解了ITRF2005VEL的现时板块运动参数;然后与地学板块运动模型NNR—NUVELlA相比两者基本一致。表明：最近三百万年内全球板块运动总体上是稳定的。