Forensic isotope analysis to refine a hydrologic conceptual model

Water resources in the arid southwestern United States are frequently the subject of conflict from competing private and public interests. Legal remedies may remove impasses, but the technical analysis of the problem often determines the future success of legal solutions. In Owens Valley, California, the source of water for the Los Angeles Aqueduct (LAA) is flow diverted from the Owens River and its tributaries and ground water from valley aquifers. Future management of ground water delivered to the LAA needs technical support regarding quantity available, interconnection of shallow and confined aquifers, impact on local springs, and rate of recharge. Ground water flow models and ground water composition are tools already in use, but these have large uncertainty for local interpretations. This study conducted targeted sampling of springs and wells to evaluate the hydrologic system to corroborate conceptual and numerical models. The effort included measurement of intrinsic isotopic composition at key locations in the aquifers. The stable isotopic data of boron (delta(11)B), sulfur (delta(34)S), oxygen (delta(18)O), hydrogen (delta D), and tritium ((3)H) supported by basic chemical data provided rules for characterizing the upper and the lower aquifer system, confirmed the interpretation of ground water flow near faults and flow barriers, and detected hydraulic connections between the LAA and the perennial springs at key locations along the unlined reach of the LAA. This study exemplifies the use of forensic isotopic approaches as independent checks on the consistency of interpretations of conceptual models of a ground water system and the numerical hydrologic simulations.     

Optimization of nutrient component for diesel oil degradation by Rhodococcus erythropolis

A novel bacterium T7-2 was isolated from the oil-polluted sea-bed mud of Bohai Sea, northern China, which can degrade diesel oil at 15 °C. This bacterium was identified as a strain of Rhodococcus erythropolis according to its 16S rDNA gene. In order to enhance degradation efficiency, a five-level, three-factor central composite design was employed to optimize the nutrition supplied to artificial seawater. The results indicate that a supplement of 2.53 g (NH₄)₂SO₄ L⁻¹, 2.75 g Na₂HPO₄ L⁻¹ and 0.01 g yeast extract L⁻¹ to artificial seawater increases the degradation rate from 12.61% to 75% within 7 d.     

Evaluation of stony coral indicators for coral reef management

Colonies of reef-building stony corals at 57 stations around St. Croix, US Virgin Islands were characterized by species, size and percentage of living tissue. Taxonomic, biological and physical indicators of coral condition were derived from these measurements and assessed for their response to gradients of human disturbance—a requirement for indicators used in regulatory assessments under authority of the Clean Water Act. At the most intensely disturbed location, five of eight primary indicators were highly correlated with distance from the source of disturbance: Coral taxa richness, average colony size, the coefficient of variation of colony size, total topographic coral surface area, and live coral surface area. An additional set of exploratory indicators related to rarity, reproductive and spawning mode and taxonomic identity were also screened. The primary indicators demonstrated sufficient precision to detect levels of change that would be applicable in a regional-scale regulatory program.     

宁夏河东沙地不同植被覆盖度的土壤起沙特征试验研究

为了评价宁夏河东沙地不同生态破坏与植被恢复措施的防沙治沙效果,利用自行设计的5个高度降尘接沙仪和4台内蒙古农牧大学生产的水平输沙接沙仪,通过人工吹风的方式,于2004年5月20—23日在不同植被覆盖度的下垫面上,开展不同垂直高度和不同距离的降尘试验和不同垂直高度的沙尘粒子截留试验。植被类型为自然裸露沙丘、低覆盖度天然草场、围栏禁牧的自然恢复草场、人工草方格沙丘治理结合飞播的生态恢复治理草地及原退耕还牧的复垦农田。结果表明,裸露沙丘土壤风蚀最严重,防沙治沙以围栏禁牧效果最好,其次为草网格治理,复垦农田和流动沙丘均容易起沙。     

中国区域开发强度与资源环境水平的耦合关系演化

揭示区域开发强度与资源环境水平互动演化的一般规律,通过定量分析1995-2009年中国区域开发强度与资源环境水平的耦合关系,得到以下结论:1995年以来中国区域开发强度不断增长,资源环境水平小幅波动下降。中国区域开发强度与资源环境水平的耦合度呈现出逐年增大趋势,表明二者的耦合程度不断提高;同期中国区域开发强度不断增长对资源环境水平演变产生明显的"胁迫"影响,但胁迫程度逐渐减小。区域开发效率提升、资源环境政策和制度不断完善、经济结构优化、单位能耗GDP产出提高以及环保投入增加等因素对胁迫程度减小具有推动作用,其中区域开发效率提升是主要影响因素。     

中国6.0级以上地震临震电离层扰动时空分布特征研究

基于GPS TEC数据,对1998年11月1日-2010年12月31日中国大陆M_S≥6.0地震临震电离层扰动进行了研究.分析发现,震中上空及周围的东、南、西、北4个方向震前15天到地震当天时序变化趋势较相似,5个方向都观测到了震前3-5天负异常稍高于正异常的现象.按震中±10°、±20°、±30°不同空间尺度分析震前0-15天TEC变化,研究表明临震电离层异常最明显的区域并不位于震中的正上空,而是向磁赤道方向偏移,空间影响尺度大约为±15°左右;正异常在震前14天、10天震中西南方向出现不同程度的高值区,负异常在震前5天震中东南方向较明显.最后,应用静电场假设对这些现象进行了解释.     

金刚石锯片胎体高温硬度测定仪的研制

根据金刚石锯片胎体实际高温状况下工作的情况,研制了金刚石胎体高温硬度测定仪,通过对胎体高温软化温度的测定,分析了胎体软化温度同胎体高温耐磨性的关系,以正确选择合适的胎体配方同金刚石和岩石的磨损相匹配。     

2020年8月18日印度尼西亚MS7.0地震电离层扰动研究

基于GPS TEC单站数据、 GIM TEC数据、垂测数据以及中国电磁监测试验卫星观测的原位电子密度数据,利用时序和空间的扰动提取方法,对2020年8月18日(世界时)印度尼西亚M_S7.0地震所引起的电离层扰动开展了研究。通过分析,我们发现多数据源的异常主要集中出现在8月12日—8月15日。震中附近8月12日GPS TEC单站数据和GIM TEC数据有明显的正异常现象,8月13日卫星原位电子密度和GIM TEC数据提取到正异常扰动,8月14日观测到卫星原位电子密度和GPS单站TEC数值有所增加,8月15日卫星原位电子密度、 GIM TEC和GPS单站TEC均出现正异常现象。此次地震引起的电离层异常不仅出现在震中上空,同时也反映在震中磁共轭区域。对应于8月12日震中附近的TEC异常,磁共轭区的单站TEC出现同步扰动,8月13日卫星数据、 GIM TEC和单站TEC数据在磁共轭区同步响应,8月15日磁共轭区的卫星原位电子密度、 GIM TEC、 GPS单站TEC和垂测数据均提取到了正异常扰动,并且与震中附近扰动出现的时间和幅度都有一定的共性。     

东江惠州河流段人工基质附着硅藻群落的季节性动态

硅藻群落结构特征是反映河流水生态状态的重要生物指标,但我国多数河流中还缺少硅藻种类组成与季节变化的基本数据.2010年用瓷砖片作为人工基质研究东江惠州河流段附着硅藻群落结构的季节性变化,共鉴定出附着硅藻40属153种(包括亚种和变种),主要的优势属有曲壳藻属(Achnanthidium)、异极藻属(Gomphonema)、直链藻属(Melosira)、舟形藻属(Navicula)、菱形藻属(Nitzschia)、脆杆藻属(Synedra)等.Gomphonema parvulum和Nitzschia palea为该河流段的广泛性藻种,且相对丰度的季节性变化明显.RDA分析表明,水温、DO、NH4+-N、PO34--P、电导率、pH值等对附着硅藻群落结构有重要影响.在丰水期,水量对于运动能力较强的N.palea的相对丰度具有明显的影响.