ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN, WESTERN AND SOUTHERN BORDERS OF THE ORDOS, CHINA

During the last summer (1923), the authors of this paper were sent by the National Museum of Paris and by the French Ministere de l'Instruction publique for a geological mission in Inner Mongolia. Leaving from Pao T'eou, the geologists crossed the Oula Shan, took a view of the Scheiten Oula     

高原夏季风指数的定义及其特征分析

基于1958~2002年ECMWF再分析资料,我国160个台站降水和气温资料,从夏季高原季风环流系统特点出发,定义了能较好表征高原夏季风环流变化的特征指数,分析了高原夏季风年际、年代际变化特征,并揭示了高原夏季风强弱异常时的环流特征及其与中国夏季降水和气温的关系,主要结论为:(1)用6~8月600hPa (27.5~30°N,80~100°E)范围内平均的西风分量距平与(35~37.5°N,80~100°E)范围内平均的东风分量距平差定义了高原夏季风指数(PM I)。该指数计算简单,意义清楚,代表性好。(2)1958~2002年高原夏季风整体呈增强趋势,在20世纪60年代中期之前是高原夏季风的强盛期,之后是高原夏季风弱期,在80年代以后又转为季风强期。(3)高原夏季风与中国夏季降水和气温相关很好。将该指数与之前汤懋苍定义的指数进行性能综合比较后,发现该指数对川渝地区的夏季降水及气温有更好的指示意义。      

P–T-deformation-Fe3+/Fe2+ mapping at the thin section scale and comparison with XANES mapping: application to a garnet-bearing metapelite from the Sambagawa metamorphic belt (Japan)

Quantitative X‐ray maps of composition from a chlorite, K‐white mica, albite, quartz and garnet bearing thin section from a Sambagawa blueschist facies metapelite were combined with a multi‐equilibrium calculation method to calculate a P–T‐Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺‐deformation map at the millimetre scale. The studied sample was chosen because elongated chlorite crystallization tails (pressure shadows) rimmed by phengite are present, which is an appropriate assemblage for the quantification of the P–T evolution. Chlorite temperature and Fe³⁺ content maps were calculated by successive iterations for each pixel analysis of Fe³⁺ until convergence of the four chlorite‐quartz‐H₂O equilibria that can be written using the Fe‐ and Mg‐amesite, clinchlore, daphnite and sudoite chlorite end‐members. The calculated map of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ in chlorite is in good qualitative agreement with the in situ mapping of this ratio using XANES (X‐ray absorption near edge structure) techniques. The temperature map indicates that high temperature chlorite zones with low Fe³⁺ contents alternate with lower temperature zones and higher Fe³⁺ contents in the crystallization tail. Late fractures perpendicular to the elongation axis of the tail are filled by very low temperature chlorite (<250 °C) showing Fe³⁺/Fe_total up to 0.4. Groups of chlorite and mica pixels were then identified based on compositional and structural criteria, and a P–T‐deformation map was calculated using representative analyses of these groups. The calculated P–T‐deformation map suggests that in contrast to chlorite, the composition of most mica did not change significantly during exhumation. Mica reequilibrated in late EW shear bands only. EW shearing was already active at 0.1 GPa, 500 °C, which corresponds to the peak temperature (and probably pressure) conditions, at reduced redox conditions. The intensity of deformation probably decreased with decrease in temperature to ～350–400 °C. At this temperature, a second main deformation event corresponding to a further EW stretching occurred and was still active below 250 °C and more oxidizing conditions. These results indicate that the scale at which P–T data can be obtained is now close to the scale of observation of structural geologists. A close link between deformation and mineral reaction is therefore possible at the microscopic scale, which provides information about the relationship between deformation and mineral reactivity, the modalities of deformation with time and the P–T conditions at which it occurred.     

The Abbey Evaluation of Reference Sample IF-G. The Significance of Abbey's Method For Laboratory Quality

Abbey's select laboratories method has been applied to the reported data for major and minor elements in the proposed GIT-IWG reference sample IF-G. The final values obtained by this method have been compared with the recommended values published by Govindaraju in 1984. Slightly different percentages are suggested for MgO, K₂O and Fe₂O₃T. The importance of applying the Abbey method by participants in co-operative studies is emphasized. Such an application gives a better understanding of data treatment and of the degree of reliability of published final values; furthermore the objective score obtained for laboratory quality will stimulate participating laboratories to improve their analytical methods and procedures. As an illustration some improvements in the laboratory of the authors are mentioned.     

Ag, Te and Pd in 17 Geochemical Reference Materials by Mass Spectrometric Isotope Dilution Analysis

Seventeen geochemical reference samples have been analysed for Ag, Te, Pd using mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis. For most samples, analytical data on these elements were lacking. The concentration range encountered was generally in the nanogram levels.