GIS空间关系在北京市水务普查中的应用

在北京市第一次水务普查工作中,水务空间数据处理是一项非常重要的工作,而水务对象间的空间关系的正确性是水务空间数据处理成功的重要指标之一。本文分析了北京市水务普查空间数据处理中的空间对象间存在的GIS空间关系,然后详细阐述了基于GIS空间关系的水务空间数据处理方法,最后对水务普查空间成果在应急保障和水务精细化信息管理中的应用进行了展望。     

GLON ASS 系统可用性进展

介绍了GLONASS系统现代化的进展,从卫星可见性和位置精度因子两方面探讨了其可用性。通过中国境内不同纬度IGS 站实测数据分析,表明了大多数时间内可观测GLONASS卫星超过了4颗。目前,GLONASS在全球范围内位置精度因子较小,星座分布也较合理,在经历现代化进程后,其可用性已有了大幅提高。     

刚性连接的POS与相机集成系统集成检校试验精度分析

本文把国产POS和国产相机进行刚性连接,将系统误差检校参数用于修正随后的不同区域的POS观测值,利用由此得到的POS外方位元素结合航空影像进行直接地理定位,结果证明该方法用于直接测图是满足精度要求的。     

Experiments of DSAEF_LTP Model with Two Improved Parameters for Accumulated Precipitation of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones over Southeast China

The Dynamical-Statistical-Analog Ensemble Forecast model for landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) precipitation (DSAEF_LTP) utilises an operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) model for the forecast track, while the precipitation forecast is obtained by finding analog cyclones, and making a precipitation forecast from an ensemble of the analogs. This study addresses TCs that occurred from 2004 to 2019 in Southeast China with 47 TCs as training samples and 18 TCs for independent forecast experiments. Experiments use four model versions. The control experiment DSAEF_LTP_1 includes three factors including TC track, landfall season, and TC intensity to determine analogs. Versions DSAEF_LTP_2, DSAEF_LTP_3, and DSAEF_LTP_4 respectively integrate improved similarity region, improved ensemble method, and improvements in both parameters. Results show that the DSAEF_LTP model with new values of similarity region and ensemble method (DSAEF_LTP_4) performs best in the simulation experiment, while the DSAEF_LTP model with new values only of ensemble method (DSAEF_LTP_3) performs best in the forecast experiment. The reason for the difference between simulation (training sample) and forecast (independent sample) may be that the proportion of TC with typical tracks (southeast to northwest movement or landfall over Southeast China) has changed significantly between samples. Forecast performance is compared with that of three global dynamical models (ECMWF, GRAPES, and GFS) and a regional dynamical model (SMS-WARMS). The DSAEF_LTP model performs better than the dynamical models and tends to produce more false alarms in accumulated forecast precipitation above 250 mm and 100 mm. Compared with TCs without heavy precipitation or typical tracks, TCs with these characteristics are better forecasted by the DSAEF_LTP model.     

Experiments with the Improved Dynamical-Statistical-Analog Ensemble Forecast Model for Landfalling Typhoon Precipitation over South China

In recent work, three physical factors of the Dynamical-Statistical-Analog Ensemble Forecast Model for Landfalling Typhoon Precipitation (DSAEF_LTP model) have been introduced, namely, tropical cyclone (TC) track, TC landfall season, and TC intensity. In the present study, we set out to test the forecasting performance of the improved model with new similarity regions and ensemble forecast schemes added. Four experiments associated with the prediction of accumulated precipitation were conducted based on 47 landfalling TCs that occurred over South China during 2004-2018. The first experiment was designed as the DSAEF_LTP model with TC track, TC landfall season, and intensity (DSAEF_LTP-1). The other three experiments were based on the first experiment, but with new ensemble forecast schemes added (DSAEF_LTP-2), new similarity regions added (DSAEF_LTP-3), and both added (DSAEF_LTP- 4), respectively. Results showed that, after new similarity regions added into the model (DSAEF_LTP-3), the forecasting performance of the DSAEF_LTP model for heavy rainfall (accumulated precipitation ≥250 mm and ≥100 mm) improved, and the sum of the threat score (TS250 + TS100) increased by 4.44%. Although the forecasting performance of DSAEF_LTP-2 was the same as that of DSAEF_LTP-1, the forecasting performance was significantly improved and better than that of DSAEF_LTP-3 when the new ensemble schemes and similarity regions were added simultaneously (DSAEF_LTP-4), with the TS increasing by 25.36%. Moreover, the forecasting performance of the four experiments was compared with four operational numerical weather prediction models, and the comparison indicated that the DSAEF_LTP model showed advantages in predicting heavy rainfall. Finally, some issues associated with the experimental results and future improvements of the DSAEF_LTP model were discussed.     

台风大风预报研究回顾

大风是台风引发的三大灾害之一,考虑到现有的台风大风研究相对较少、预报经验也比较不足,因此对其预报方法进行回顾总结具有十分重要的意义。从经验预报、统计预报、数值模式预报及数值预报产品释用等4个方向梳理了台风大风预报技术的研究与应用现状:天气图、卫星云图和雷达图是经验预报中非常重要的工具;统计预报根据方法的不同可细分为回归预报、客观相似预报和气候持续性预报;数值模式预报方面,国内外多家机构都研发了相应的台风大风预报产品;数值预报产品的释用目前则包含了动力释用、统计释用和人工智能释用。同时总结了上述4类预报方法各自的优势和不足。最后,讨论了未来研究与实际业务中进一步提高台风大风预报能力的可能发展方向。     

三江源地区降雪量演变特征及其对径流的影响

利用1961-2019年三江源地区19个气象台站逐日气温、降水量等气象观测数据,分析了三江源地区降雪量、降雪日数和雪雨比的时空演变特征及其对径流量的影响。结果表明：（1）1961-2019年三江源地区平均降雪量为146.5 mm,降雪量以14.8 mm·（10a）^-1的速率在减少,1985-1999年为降雪量偏多期,2000年以来为降雪量偏少期;（2）三江源地区年平均雪雨比以4.0%·（10a）-1的速率在减少,长江源区西部及黄河源区西部是雪雨比减少最为明显的区域,其余地区减少速率相对缓慢;（3）三江源地区年平均降雪日数为91天,曲麻莱、五道梁、沱沱河一带以及黄河源区中西部是降雪日数的大值区,降雪日数以14 d·（10a）^-1的速率在减少,黄河源区西部是降雪日数减少最为明显的区域;（4）三江源地区各月降雪量及降雪日数均呈双峰型分布,降雪量和降雪日数最多出现在5月,小雪易出现在3月或4月,中雪和大雪以上量级在秋末、春季出现的概率最高;（5）随着海拔的抬升,降雪量和降雪日数增加,随经度的增加而减少;冷季降雪量多的年份,径流量也随之增大,且径流量相...     

三江源区域夏季降水异常的水汽输送及源地特征的研究

三江源作为中国长江、黄河、澜沧江三条大河的发源地,其水汽来源和输送对于下游地区的天气和气候具有重要影响。根据1994-2019年三江源地区的夏季降水数据表明,三江源地区的夏季7月降水量表现为多次的正负异常交换特征,正异常最强的为2012年（+1290 mm）,负异常最强的为2015年（-802 mm）。本研究在此异常时段采用基于拉格朗日方法的FLEXPART模式进行模拟,后向追踪在研究时段内所有到达三江源区域的气块,着重分析了三江源在降水异常时段的水汽输送特征和水汽源地并评估了不同水汽源地对三江源区域内降水的贡献率。结果表明：三江源的水汽输送通道主要为南北两支,在降水正异常时段通过南支输送从青藏高原北侧、西侧和南侧进入三江源为主,在降水负异常时段通过北支输送从青藏高原北侧进入三江源为主,三江源的降水量越小,南支输送越弱,北支输送越强。三江源的潜在水汽源地对三江源区域内降水贡献最为重要的是青藏高原北侧,其次是青藏高原西侧和三江源本地,还有部分源地为青藏高原南侧、阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾。青藏高原北侧在三江源降水负异常期间对三江源降水的贡献率有所增加,而其他水汽源地的贡献率减小。     

中国60城市站1901—2019年日降水数据集的构建

近年来中国区域降水的极端化问题得到学术界的广泛关注,有关研究也获得了大量成果。但是,目前国内外常用的高分辨率降水资料序列多从1951年左右开始,普遍缺少20世纪早期中国的逐日降水资料,对于近一百多年中国极端降水变化特征及其机理,目前还不清楚。基于多来源的1901—1950年原始观测报表数字化逐日降水资料,补充先前未录入的“无降水”和缺测数据,研发质量控制方案并开展质量控制,补充录入检出的缺失和错误数据并再次质控,结合1951年以来的现代降水日值资料,建立中国60个城市站1901—2019年降水日值数据集。数据集评估结果显示,早期中国东部地区的台站较为密集,数据完整性和正确性较好,但中国西部的台站数量少且完整性和正确性偏低。本数据集构建的年总降水量累积值序列与已有的月降水量数据基本一致。基于该数据集,研究发现重庆站近百年来的降水未出现显著的趋势性变化。该数据集使后续分析研究中国极端降水的百年尺度长期变化特征成为可能。