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511.
512.
Wei-Kuo Tao Jainn Jong Shi Shuyi S. Chen Stephen Lang Pay-Liam Lin Song-You Hong Christa Peters-Lidard Arthur Hou 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2011,47(1):1-16
During the past decade, both research and operational numerical weather prediction models [e.g. the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF)] have started using more complex microphysical schemes originally developed for high-resolution cloud resolving models (CRMs) with 1–2 km or less horizontal resolutions. WRF is a next-generation meso-scale forecast model and assimilation system. It incorporates a modern software framework, advanced dynamics, numerics and data assimilation techniques, a multiple moveable nesting capability, and improved physical packages. WRF can be used for a wide range of applications, from idealized research to operational forecasting, with an emphasis on horizontal grid sizes in the range of 1–10 km. The current WRF includes several different microphysics options. At NASA Goddard, four different cloud microphysics options have been implemented into WRF. The performance of these schemes is compared to those of the other microphysics schemes available in WRF for an Atlantic hurricane case (Katrina). In addition, a brief review of previous modeling studies on the impact of microphysics schemes and processes on the intensity and track of hurricanes is presented and compared against the current Katrina study. In general, all of the studies show that microphysics schemes do not have a major impact on track forecasts but do have more of an effect on the simulated intensity. Also, nearly all of the previous studies found that simulated hurricanes had the strongest deepening or intensification when using only warm rain physics. This is because all of the simulated precipitating hydrometeors are large raindrops that quickly fall out near the eye-wall region, which would hydrostatically produce the lowest pressure. In addition, these studies suggested that intensities become unrealistically strong when evaporative cooling from cloud droplets and melting from ice particles are removed as this results in much weaker downdrafts in the simulated storms. However, there are many differences between the different modeling studies, which are identified and discussed. 相似文献
513.
柴达木盆地三湖地区生物气横向运聚成藏研究 总被引:19,自引:3,他引:19
本文系统研究了地层水盐度对微生物菌生长发育的制约,矿化度对生物气在地层水中溶解度的影响,泥岩盖层中高矿化度地层水对封盖性能的控制作用。柴达木盆地三湖(台吉乃尔湖,涩聂湖,达布逊湖)地区主要受南缘昆仑山冰雪溶水的补给,地层水从南向北运移,北斜坡第四系地层水的矿化度最高,北斜坡泻水-汇水区高盐度条件下生物菌的活跃程度受到抑制,影响生物气大量生成并从水中游离出来,中央凹陷及其南部低矿化度条件下更适宜生物气的生成,生物气在地层水中的溶解度随矿化度的增高明显降低,南缘低矿化度水中饱含的生物气经地层水从南向北携带,在北斜坡高矿化度条件上大量游离出来,实验测试证明泥岩饱和高矿化度地层水时,其突破压力增加约100倍,封盖性能大大提高,有效地保存了北斜坡游离相生物气,研究显示生物气总体上具有向北斜坡以水溶气方式进行横向运聚的特征,展示了北斜坡气源补给充足,具有满坡含气的巨大勘探潜力。结合生物气本身的发育特征和三湖地区的水文地质条件,提出了生物所首先以水溶气方式发生远距离的横向运移以后再以游离相进行垂向运聚成藏,这一结论对下一步三湖地区生物气勘探具有直接的指导意义。 相似文献
514.
Xu Hui Zhang Weiping Lang Xuxing Guo Xia Ge Wenzhong Dang Renqing Takao Takeda 《大气科学进展》2000,17(3):403-412
During the Meiyu period in June and July of 1998, intensified field observations have been carried out for the project “Huaihe
River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (HUBEX)”. For studying Meiyu front and its precipitation in Huaihe River basin,
the present paper has performed analysis on the middle and lower level wind fields in the troposphere by using the radar data
obtained from the two Doppler radars located at Fengtai district and Shouxian County.
From June 29 to July 3 in 1998, the continuous heavy precipitation occurred in Huaihe River basin around Meiyu front. The
precipitation process on July 2 occurred within the observation range of the two Doppler radar in Fengtai district and Shouxian
County. The maximum rainfall of the Meiyu front was over 100 mm in 24 h, so it can be regarded as a typical mesoscale heavy
precipitation process related to Meiyu front.
Based on the wind field retrieved from the dual Doppler radar, we find that there are meso-γ scale vertical circulations in
the vertical cross-section perpendicular to Meiyu front, the strong upward motion of which corresponds to the position of
the heavy rainfall area. Furthermore, other results obtained by this study are identical with the results by analyzing the
conventional synoptic data years ago. For example: in the vicinity of 3 km level height ahead of Meiyu front there exists
a southwest low-level jet; the rainstorm caused by Meiyu front mainly occurs at the left side of the southwest low-level jet;
and the Meiyu front causes the intensification of the low-level convergence in front of it.
This research was supported by Project HUBEX (Project Number: 49794030) which is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (NSFC). 相似文献
515.
减缓气候变化的最新科学认知 总被引:9,自引:5,他引:9
摘 要:2007年5月4日,IPCC第三工作组在泰国曼谷发布了第四次评估报告《气候变化2007:减缓气候变化》的决策者摘要及主报告。报告综合评估了2001年以来有关减缓气候变化的最新研究成果,考察分析了中短期(2030年前)和长期(2030年后)温室气体的排放情景、减排潜力、成本范围,以及稳定大气温室气体(GHG)浓度水平的可能选择。报告总体认为,未来温室气体排放取决于发展路径的选择,现有各种技术手段和许多在2030年以前具有市场可行性的低碳和减排技术,将以较低的成本实现有效减排;在2030年以后将温室气体浓度稳定在较低水平的成本并不高,但需要国际合作,采取一致行动,并认为可持续发展与温室气体减排可以相互促进。 相似文献
516.
517.
Xenolith evidence for lithospheric melting above anomalously hot mantle under the northern Canadian Cordillera 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Lang Shi Don Francis John Ludden Andrew Frederiksen Michael Bostock 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,131(1):39-53
A comparison of mantle xenolith suites along the northern Canadian Cordillera reveals that the xenoliths from three suites
exhibit bimodal populations whereas the xenoliths from the other four suites display unimodal populations. The bimodal suites
contain both fertile lherzolite and refractory harzburgite, while the unimodal suites are dominated by fertile lherzolite
xenoliths. The location of the three bimodal xenolith suites correlates with a newly discovered P-wave slowness anomaly in
the upper mantle that is 200 km in width and extends to depths of 400–500 km (Frederiksen AW, Bostock MG, Van Decar JC, Cassidy
J, submitted to Tectonophysics). This correlation suggests that the bimodal xenolith suites may either contain fragments of
the anomalously hot asthenospheric mantle or that the lithospheric upper mantle has been affected by the anomalously hot mantle.
The lherzolite xenoliths in the bimodal suites display similar major element compositions and trace element patterns to the
lherzolite xenoliths in the unimodal suites, suggesting that the lherzolites represent the regional lithospheric upper mantle.
In contrast, the harzburgite xenoliths are highly depleted in terms of major element composition, but their clinopyroxenes
[Cpx] have much higher incompatible trace element contents than those in the lherzolite xenoliths. The major element and mildly
incompatible trace element systematics of the harzburgite and lherzolite xenoliths indicate that they could be related by
a partial melting process. The lack of textural and geochemical evidence for the former existence of garnet argues against
the harzburgite xenoliths representing actual fragments of the deeper anomalous asthenospheric mantle. Furthermore, the calculated
P-wave velocity difference between harzburgite and lherzolite end-members is only 0.8%, with the harzburgites having higher
P-wave velocities. Therefore the 3% P-wave velocity difference detected teleseismically cannot be produced by the compositional
difference between the lherzolite and harzburgite xenoliths. If temperature is responsible for the observed 3% P-wave velocity
perturbation, the anomalous mantle is likely to be at least 200 °C higher than the surrounding mantle. Taken together these
data indicate that the refractory harzburgite xenoliths represent the residue of 20–25% partial melting of a lherzolite lithospheric
mantle. The incompatible trace element enrichment of the harzburgites suggests that this melting was accompanied by the ingress
of fluids. The association of the bimodal xenolith suites with the mantle anomaly detected teleseismically suggests that anomalously
hot asthenospheric mantle provided both the heat and volatiles responsible for the localized melting and enrichment of the
lithospheric mantle.
Received: 16 May 1997 / Accepted: 25 October 1997 相似文献
518.
519.
PMBP萃取分离桑色素荧光法测定地质样品中痕量钪 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在磺基水杨酸存在下,以1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯酰基吡唑酮-5(PMBP)萃取,5%HBr反萃取,桑色素荧光法可灵敏、快速、准确地测定地质样品中痕量Sc。λ_(ex)为420nm,λ_(em)为500nm,测定下限为0.02μg/ml,0—8μg Sc/10ml同相对荧光强度呈线性。 相似文献
520.
苏北黄泛平原地势平坦,浅部地层结构松散,可储水“海绵体”特征明显。为评价该区域“海绵体”雨水渗储潜力,以南部的江苏宿迁市区为例,在系统分析天然“海绵体”渗储能力主要影响因素的基础上,构建了天然“海绵体”雨水渗储潜力两级评价指标体系,借助层次分析法计算各指标权重,运用MapGIS进行综合评价。结果表明,废黄河漫滩区天然“海绵体”雨水渗储潜力较好,漫滩区以外区域渗储潜力一般或较差。 相似文献