埋地管道震害预测方法简述

埋地管道是城市生命线工程的重要组成部分,在地震时较易发生震害。影响埋地管道在地震中破坏特点的因素,主要是强烈的地面运动或场地失效以及管材、管径等因素。研究方法以基于经验统计的方法在实际应用中比较多。本文分别对基于理论计算和经验统计的震害预测方法进行了简述和比较,最后提出了基于综合概率的埋地管道分析预测模型。     

Errors with small volume elastic seepage meter bags

The use of small volume elastic collection bags (condoms) has become popular in seepage meter studies in recent years, despite minimal field or laboratory validation of their use and, specifically, the impact of their elasticity on seepage measurements. A laboratory study was initiated after field results using small elastic collection bags produced seepage data that did not correlate with hydrometric data. The laboratory data demonstrate that condoms undergo significant mechanical relaxation during seepage measurement times typically observed in field settings. Unlike conventional nonelastic collection bags, which mechanically relax over several minutes, the condoms suffered from a slow mechanical relaxation or equilibration. Over nine hours, condoms gained 43 mL of water, approximately 50% of maximum workable volume (between mechanical relaxation effect and elastic limit), under stagnant flow conditions. This long-term equilibration invalidates simple subtraction of equilibration volumes from collection volumes as a correction technique. Previously published studies using flexible small-volume elastic measurement bags (condoms) have not reported a mechanical relaxation effect. Overall, because the condom's small workable volume and inherent variability, we would not recommend any small-volume elastic measurement bags for quantitative seepage measurements.     

微量物质对海洋的大气输入（续三）

微量物质对海洋的大气输入（续三）Ｒ．Ａ．Ｄｕｃｅ等６．４计算方法Ａｔｌａｓ等［１９８６ａ］、Ａｔｌａｓ和Ｇｉａｍ［１９８６，１９８９］、Ｂｉｄｌｅｍａｎ［１９８８］、Ｂｉｄｌｅｍａｎ等［１９９０］和Ｔａｔｅｙａ等［１９８８］讨论了大气有机物的沉降过程...     

一条具有宽阔尾随层状云区的中纬度飑线的中尺度结构

1985年6月11日,一条具有宽阔的尾随层状云区的强飑线经过美国堪萨斯—俄克拉荷马州的PRE-STORM中尺度网。本文应用由14个探空站得到的53个探空资料,对这条飑线在成熟价段和消亡阶展的运动学和热力学结构分别作了合成分析。分析表明,飑线系统有稳定的中尺度环流,一股由前向后的入流及一股由后向前的入流构成了环流框架。在对流区,高层辐散、低层辐合,整层上升。在层状云区,中层福合,高、低层分别为上升和下沉运动。雷达次级强回波区与层状云区高层的上升运动区相对应。在层状云区中低层有一气旋性涡旋。