A reduced‐order modeling technique for tall buildings with active tuned mass damper

It is impractical to install sensors on every floor of a tall building to measure the full state vector because of the large number of degrees of freedom. This makes it necessary to introduce reduced‐order control. A kind of system reduction scheme (dynamic condensation method) is proposed in this paper. This method is iterative and Guyan condensation is looked upon as an initial approximation of the iteration. Since the reduced‐order system is updated repeatedly until a desired one is obtained, the accuracy of the reduced‐order system resulting from the proposed method is much higher than that obtained from the Guyan condensation method. Another advantage of the method is that the reduced‐order system is defined in the subspace of the original physical space, which makes the state vectors have physical meaning. An eigenvalue shifting technique is applied to accelerate the convergence of iteration and to make the reduced system retain all the dynamic characteristics of the full system within a given frequency range. Two schemes to establish the reduced‐order system by using the proposed method are also presented and discussed in this paper. The results for a tall building with active tuned mass damper show that the proposed method is efficient for the reduced‐order modelling and the accuracy is very close to exact only after two iterations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏冈底斯东段斑岩铜钼铅锌成矿系统的发育时限：帮浦铜多金属矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年龄证据

通过对西藏冈底斯成矿带东段的帮浦矿床中的辉钼矿进行Re_Os精确测年 ,首次获得北矿带的铜多金属矿化时间。其Re_Os模式年龄为 (14 .30± 0 .2 5 )Ma～ (14 .75± 0 .2 8)Ma ,5件样品得到的187Re_187Os等时线年龄为 (15 .32± 0 .79)Ma。年龄数据与冈底斯成矿带东段南侧斑岩铜矿化带的矿化时间 (14Ma左右 )具有一致性 ,表明北矿带的成矿作用与斑岩有关。斑岩成矿是冈底斯成矿带内的一次主导成矿事件 ,冈底斯南矿带以斑岩型铜钼矿床为主 ,其北矿带以斑岩型铜铅锌多金属矿床为主。冈底斯南、北矿带的成矿作用具有统一的成矿动力学背景 ,发生在碰撞造山带侧向伸展时期 ,均为陆_陆碰撞造山带演化过程中同构造岩浆活动期的产物     

Distribution and temporal variation of cadmium in the St. Lawrence river basin

Samples of raw water were collected at regular intevals at two transects in the St. Lawremce River and four of its tributaries from March to November 1991 and from April to June 1992. Water samples were analyzed for both the dissolved and the particulate phase for cadmium (Cd), organic carbon, iron and manganese. Mean dissolved Cd concentration was 10±5 ng/L and no spatial variability was observed. Higher concentrations were found during high flow periods, suggesting an uptake of cadmium by phytoplankton during summer. In addition, dissolved cadmium did not appear to be associated with either DOC, dissolved Fe or dissolved Mn. The mean particulate Cd concentration was 1.3±1.1 μg/g, with almost all stations presenting the same concentration except the Yamaska River, which had a concentration of 0.5±0.2 μg/g. Particulate Cd showed a negative correlation with suspended particulate matter and a positive correlation with particulate organic carbon and particulare manganese. Fifty-nine percent of the cadmium was found to be in the particulate phase. Partition coefficients for cadmium (Kd), organic carbon (Kc), iron (KdFe) and manganese (KdMn) were calculated for each sample. Log Kd varied from 3.9 to 5.9, with an average of 5.0±0.4. Log Kd decreased with increasing particulate, matter as did Log Kc and Log KdMn. No significant correlation was found between Log Kd and Log Kc, suggesting that the distribution of cadmium between the dissolved and the particulate phase is not influenced by the distribution of organic carbon. In contrast, positive correlations were observed between Log Kd, Log KdFe and Log KdMn. Cadmium distribution appears to be influenced by Fe and Mn distribution.     

北山地区大口子片麻岩 Ar-Ar 年代学初步研究

对甘肃肃北县境内的大口子片麻状石英闪长岩中的角闪石、黑云母、斜长石进行了 Ar-Ar年龄测定，分别得到角闪石、黑云母、斜长石高温坪年龄 1872.3±14.8Ma、1823.2±13Ma、1748.5±13.5Ma。它们分别代表了同一片麻岩中不同矿物的早期形成时代。角闪石、黑云母、斜长石的中温坪年龄分别为952.7±8.4Ma、862.8±6.2Ma\678.2±4.8Ma，分别代表了同一岩石中不同矿物记录的后期热事件年龄，其表明同一岩石中不同矿物给出的不同年龄值，显示了不同矿物具有不同的40K-40Ar     

西太平洋热带海域西风爆发过程湍流通量输送的某些特征

本文根据中、美、日、澳、法等近20个国家在热带海洋全球大气海气耦合响应试验强化期（1992年11月～1993年2月）定点、连续观测获得大气和海洋资料，使用考虑风速和大气层结影响的整体输送动力学公式，计算动量、感热和潜热等的湍流通量。结果表明，西风爆发过程与其他天气过程相比，无论是大气向海洋输送的动量通量，还是海洋向大气输送的感热通量和潜热通量，其值都是最大的。文中还讨论了整体输送公式中的曳力系数、感热交换系数和潜热交换系数更准确的计算方法。     

A practical model for the power spectrum of spatially variant ground motion

This paper puts forward a model for the power spectrum of spatially variant ground motion. As compared with the other existing models, this model has two features: (1) It is the average result of multiple models and multiple earthquakes rather than the model proposed on the basis of the record of an earthquake given by a certain station array. (2) It has taken into account the variation of self-power spectral parameters from point to point.     

Geochemical characteristics of elements in suspended sediments in the Huanghe (Yellow) River

Eighteen suspended sediment samples were collected along the Huanghe River main stem from upper reaches on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Tibet Plateau) to the entrance at the Bo Hai Bay and at confluences of its tributaries, during the first summer flood in 1980. Major elements such as Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Na, and trace elements such as As, Ba, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn and humus were examined. Variations in composition of suspended sediments also were studied. Three major types of sediment composition were observed. The controlling factor for the variation is parent rocks, though climate and vegetation played an active role. Correlation coefficients, cluster analysis, and enrichment factors were calculated to study the geochemical characteristics of the sediments. Mg, Na and Fe were the only ones subject to considerable leaching, whereas Se, Cd, Zn were significantly accumulated, indicating a low intensity of weathering.     

Improving prediction performance of GPS satellite clock bias based on wavelet neural network

As one of the IGS ultra-rapid predicted (IGU-P) products, the orbit precision has been remarkably improved since late 2007. However, because satellite atomic clocks in space show complicated time–frequency characteristics and are easily influenced by many external factors such as temperature and environment, the IGU-P clock products have not shown sufficient high-quality prediction performance. An improved prediction model is proposed in order to enhance the prediction performance of satellite clock bias (SCB) by employing a wavelet neural network (WNN) model based on the data characteristic of SCB. Specifically, two SCB values of adjacent epoch subtract each other to get the corresponding single difference sequence of SCB, and then, the sequence is preprocessed through using the preprocessing method designed for the single difference sequence. The subsequent step is to model the WNN based on the preprocessed sequence. After the WNN model is determined, the next single difference values at the back of the modeling sequence are predicted. Lastly, the predicted single difference values are restored to the corresponding predicted SCB values. The simulation results have shown that the proposed prediction principle based on the single difference sequence of SCB can make the WNN model simple in architecture and the predicting precision higher than that of the general SCB prediction modeling. The designed preprocessing method specific to the single difference of SCB is able to further improve the prediction performance of the WNN model by reducing the effect from outliers. The proposed SCB prediction model outperforms the IGU-P solutions at least on a daily basis. Specifically, the average prediction precisions for 6, 12 and 24 h based on the proposed model have improved by about 13.53, 31.56 and 49.46 % compared with the IGU-P clock products, and the corresponding average prediction stabilities for 12 and 24 h have increased by about 13.89 and 27.22 %, while the average prediction stability of 6 h is nearly equal.     

大冶李德贵冶炼遗址矿冶遗物分析

采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射等测试手段,对大冶李德贵冶炼遗址矿冶遗物进行了物理测试、成分分析和物相分析。物理测试结果表明,遗址炼渣的熔融温度高于1280℃;成分分析结果表明,李德贵炼渣中铜含量很低,远低于炼铜渣的铜含量;而其铁含量很高,与欧洲早期铁器时代和罗马时代的块炼铁渣相近;物相分析结果表明,李德贵炼渣的主要物相与炼铜渣没有区别,但炼铜渣中发现一些铜氧化矿和硫化矿。结合对其他冶炼遗物的分析,可以初步判断该冶炼遗址是一处炼铁遗址。工作台面上发现的炼渣与铁矿石的混合物,表明古人很可能已将炼渣回收利用,与铁矿石原料一起回炉冶炼。     

危险废物填埋场的设计与施工技术

由于危险废物对环境的危害性大,因此对危险废物填埋场设计和施工要求较高。设计的核心内容是防渗层,对施工的要求是要确保高质量地满足设计要求。通过总结国内已建成的危险废物填埋场设计与施工经验,给出了危险废物填埋场设计与施工要点,使危险废物填埋场成为一个真正与生物圈隔绝的场所,不致对环境造成危害和二次污染。