Channel sedimentation and erosion of the Jiangsu reach of the Yangtze River during the last 44 years

River channel sedimentation in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River can be affected by both changes in sea level and changes in solid discharge from the upper river. To evaluate dynamic changes of sedimentation and erosion in the Jiangsu reach of the Yangtze River (about 330 km in length) from 1959 to 2003, databases were designed and constructed using a digital elevation model (DEM) of channel topography based on the Jiangsu River Relief Map for 1959, 1970, 1985, 1992, and 2003. The results indicated that the main course of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province had experienced an obvious switch from sedimentation to erosion status around 1985 because of the decreasing amount of solid load from the upper parts of the river channel after that year. The sedimentation process in the main course of the Jiangsu reach of the Yangtze River demonstrated the propulsive process of ‘downstream‐ward aggradations.’ Between 1985 and 2003, the erosion rate of the lower segment was greater than those of the middle and upper segments; this is probably because both channel flow and tide current had influenced the lower segment. When channel flow combines with tide current in the same direction, channel erosion can be intensified, especially if there is a solid load shortage in the channel. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

应力降研究进展综述

本文介绍了国内外关于应力降研究及应用的一些进展。对应力降定义及计算方法进行简要介绍,对地震应力降整体特征、应力降与地震大小、应力降与构造环境、应力降与序列类型等之间的关系进行简要综述,重点讨论了应力降在震后趋势判定中的可能应用,并对应力降计算结果的不确定性进行了初步讨论。应力降表征地震错动导致的位错面上的应力变化,其定义为地震前后初始应力σ_0与终止应力σ_1之差。地震应力降数值大多为零点几兆帕至数十兆帕,以10MPa以下的居多。应力降与震级、震源深度、构造环境、震源机制、序列类型等之间的关系复杂,对此,也存在诸多不同的认识。消除震级影响之后,地震序列应力降随时间持续升高的现象,对后续强余震有一定的时间指示意义。值得注意的是,诸多因素均会影响应力降的计算结果,数值实验结果显示,拐角频率、零频极限的综合误差对应力降计算结果影响显著,二者不确定性造成的应力降计算误差几乎完全覆盖余震应力降随时间的变化。     

Spatial distribution and temporal trends in daily and monthly precipitation concentration indices in the upper reaches of the Huai River, China

Understanding precipitation variations on various timescales and their correlations is important for assessment of flood risk and utilization of water resources. In this study, the spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation concentration in the upper reaches of the Huai River, China, were investigated using two indices: the precipitation concentration index (PCI) and the concentration index (CI) for measuring seasonality and daily heterogeneity using monthly and daily precipitation series, respectively. In particular, the trends of PCI and CI were tested by the Mann–Kendall method, and relationship among PCI, CI and percentage of precipitation contributed by the rainiest days was analyzed by the linear correlation analysis. The results show a significant seasonality of the rainfall distribution and very in homogeneous temporal distribution of the daily rainfall in the south part of the study area, especially in the three reservoirs. Positive trends in the PCI and CI were found at most stations, although none of the PCI trends were statistically significant. Daily heterogeneity of the rainfall in a year is highly correlated with the heavy rainfall amount of the 15 % rainiest days, and seasonality in rainfall distribution over a year can be partly explained by the daily rainfall heterogeneity.     

Probabilistic ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments from China’s major aquatic bodies

An overall and comparative ecological risk assessment of heavy metals (including Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg and As) in surface sediments from China’s eight major aquatic bodies was conducted to better understand their potential risks on a national scale. By applying the joint approach of Hakanson risk index (RI) and Monte Carlo simulation, ecological risk in this work is expressed as probability distribution of RI values instead of single point calculations to reflect the uncertainties in risk assessment process. The results show that the highest ecological risks posed by heavy metals existed in Xiangjiang River and Dianchi Lake. Although only a slim margin of high risk (651.88/600 = 1.08 and 700.61/600 = 1.17) was identified based on average RI values, the probabilities of high risk level derived from Monte Carlo simulation reached as high as 56.7 and 52.9 % in these two aquatic bodies, respectively. And the probability of low risk level was less than 1.6 %. Furthermore, the risk was mainly contributed by Hg and Cd, discharged through local intensive mining and industrial activities. The findings indicate that rigid control and effective management measures to prevent heavy metal pollution are urgently needed in China, especially for the high-risk aquatic bodies. This study shows that the joint approach can be used to identify the high risk water bodies and the major metal pollutants. It may avoid overestimating or underestimating the ecological risk and provide more decision-making support for risk alleviation in the polluted aquatic bodies.     

空间相关的多点地震动合成(Ⅱ)合成实例

本文应用已提出的自功率谱、相干函数、视速度模型生成了空间相关的多点地震动时程。采用分段合成、乘强度包络函数的方法近似地考虑了地震动强度和频率尬发的非平稳性、生成的地震动符合空间相关性、传播性、随机性和非平稳性,可用于长结构多点输入地震反应分析。     

塔里木盆地阿图什—八盘水磨反冲构造系统研究

通过大量野外地质调查和深部物探（地震剖面、MT和重力）综合构造解释，在位于东起八盘水磨，西对乌鲁克恰特以西的南天山前陆冲断带中，确定了阿图什－八盘水磨反冲构造系统及其三角带构造；该反冲系统由小阿图什－八盘水磨和乌尔－喀拉套山反冲构造系统及小阿图什－乌鲁克恰特被变形的反冲构造系统组成；即在以往认为南天山向塔里木盆地大规模中推覆的地区，塔里木盆地美国层第四纪以来沿多组滑脱面向天山新生代造山带反冲推覆。塔里木盆地反冲构造系统发育的区域基底埋深往往大于10km，对应麦盖提基底构造下凹区，而相邻柯坪塔格薄皮推覆构造系统发育的区域基底埋深一般小于10km,对应巴楚基底构造上隆区；逆冲和反冲构造转换带基底埋深约10km,平衡剖面恢复表明弧形逆冲和反冲构造顶部分别为逆冲和反冲位移量最大位置。     

A reduced‐order modeling technique for tall buildings with active tuned mass damper

It is impractical to install sensors on every floor of a tall building to measure the full state vector because of the large number of degrees of freedom. This makes it necessary to introduce reduced‐order control. A kind of system reduction scheme (dynamic condensation method) is proposed in this paper. This method is iterative and Guyan condensation is looked upon as an initial approximation of the iteration. Since the reduced‐order system is updated repeatedly until a desired one is obtained, the accuracy of the reduced‐order system resulting from the proposed method is much higher than that obtained from the Guyan condensation method. Another advantage of the method is that the reduced‐order system is defined in the subspace of the original physical space, which makes the state vectors have physical meaning. An eigenvalue shifting technique is applied to accelerate the convergence of iteration and to make the reduced system retain all the dynamic characteristics of the full system within a given frequency range. Two schemes to establish the reduced‐order system by using the proposed method are also presented and discussed in this paper. The results for a tall building with active tuned mass damper show that the proposed method is efficient for the reduced‐order modelling and the accuracy is very close to exact only after two iterations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

毛细管离子电泳分离间接紫外光度法测定镍矿石镍钴铜

研究了以咪唑为背景吸收电解质,α－羟基异丁酸为络合剂,毛细管离子电泳分离,间接紫外光度法测定镍矿石中Ｎｉ,Ｃｏ,Ｃｕ含量。考察了背景电解质的ｐＨ值,α－羟基异丁酸和咪唑浓度对Ｆｅ＾３＋,Ｃｏ＾２＋,Ｎｉ＾２＋,Ｚｎ＾２＋,Ｃｕ＾２＋分离的影响,在优化的条件下,几种离子在８ｍｉｎ内完成分离,检测限低至０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ,以Ｚｎ作内标,改善了方法的精密度,对于２０ｍｇ／Ｌ各离子峰面积的相对标准偏差〈６．５     

冲击粉碎法制备针状硅灰石微粉的研究

硅灰石是一种钙的偏硅酸盐类矿物,化学分子式为Ｃａ［ＳｉＯ３］,含４８－３％ＣａＯ和５１－７％的ＳｉＯ２。天然硅灰石常呈白至灰白色,玻璃到珍珠光泽,密度２－７８～２－９１ｇｃｍ３,硬度为４－５～５,通常为针状、放射状、纤维状集合体,甚至微小颗粒仍保持纤维状结构［１］。由于硅灰石具有特殊的纤维状结构及优良的物理、化学性质,使其在工业生产中有广泛的应用,如陶瓷、塑料、橡胶、冶金铸造、磨料、焊条、玻璃、矿棉、水泥、造纸、石棉代用品等［２,３］。随着研究的深入,对硅灰石在非陶瓷方面（造纸、涂料、塑料、石…     

地下水回灌在地铁边基坑降水中的应用

基坑降水过程中,在降低坑内水位同时,为保护周边环境安全采用地下水回灌保证坑外一定区域内水位下降较小。上海盛大国际金融中心位于三条地铁交接处,环境保护要求较高。降水同时结合回灌技术能局部控制降水影响范围,通过数值方法计算和分析回灌效果较好,并在实际工程中成功应用。