洞穴溶解有机质组分和循环过程的季节变化特征

溶解有机质（DOM）是岩溶碳汇的关键部分和重要的碳源,但是对于DOM在岩溶含水层中的性质和代谢过程的研究仍然有限。本研究以重庆雪玉洞地下河为例,对洞穴有机碳的来源、组成以及微生物作用对季节补给源变化的响应进行探讨,为进一步了解微生物介导的有机碳转化过程提供研究基础。运用三维荧光EEM研究水体有色溶解有机质（CDOM）的性质和组分并反演地下河水中有机质的来源和组成,结合地下河水水化学特征和16S rDNA细菌群落及功能多样性的季节变化特征,以了解季节性补给源的变化对洞穴地下水DOM输入和性质的影响。结果发现,雪玉洞地下河水以微生物内源有机质为主（61%~77%）,降雨是引起岩溶给地下河水中CDOM光谱特征变化的最重要因素,雨季外源有机质输入增加,地下河水中外源有机碳组分含量和芳香性、腐殖酸类物质增加,细菌群落多样性和代谢功能基因随之变化,洞穴中向外输出的外源有机碳增加;旱季地下河水滞留时间和蒸发作用增强,因而微生物对有机质的代谢降解过程更加充分,向洞外输出的有机碳以内源为主。本研究有助于增加对岩溶洞穴地下水系统中微生物对有机碳转化过程的理解。     

Similarities and differences in driving factors of precipitation changes on the western Loess Plateau and the northeastern Tibetan Plateau at different timescales

Climate change constitutes the superposition of climatic variations at different timescales and is affected by driving factors at multiple scales. Therefore, clarifying the changes in and driving factors of the climate at different timescales is crucial for climate predictions. Here, using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method, we obtained four components of the western Loess Plateau (WLP) precipitation at the interannual, interdecadal, multidecadal and centennial scales and the long-term change trend, which accounted for 40.4, 33.5, 11.5, 11.6 and 3.0%, respectively, of the total variance in the tree-ring-based precipitation reconstruction during 1566–2013 AD. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) mainly affected the interannual-decadal, multidecadal and centennial changes, respectively, before increasing anthropogenic aerosol emissions began influencing the WLP precipitation. Using the same method, we also obtained four components of the precipitation on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) at different timescales and found that the interannual-decadal and multidecadal changes in the precipitation on the NETP exhibited good relationships with the changes in the WLP precipitation over the past four centuries and were also mainly affected by ENSO and the PDO, respectively. The correlation between the WLP and NETP precipitation at the centennial scale was mainly positive, and the precipitation relationship between these two regions was affected by solar radiation and the AMV to some extent. However, due to the effects of global warming on NETP precipitation and the effects of increasing anthropogenic aerosols on WLP precipitation, this correlation has become negative in recent decades, indicating that without the influences of human activities, the precipitation on the WLP would be positively related to the NETP precipitation.

     

油松树轮记录的1776年以来贺兰山地区气温变化

利用贺兰山东西坡78个油松树芯样本建立了标准年表,分析发现1~8月平均气温是树木宽度生长的重要限制因子之一,且有明确的树木生理学意义。在此基础上模拟重建了贺兰山地区1776~1999年1~8月平均气温,重建序列的解释方差为43.3% (F = 21.422,p < 0.001)。重建中相对高温的年份有：1805~1818, 1828~1857, 1899~1907, 1919~1931, 1968~1995;相对低温的时段为：1858~1872,1883~1895,1935~1953。重建气温10年滑动曲线表现出3个明显的气温缓慢上升阶段 (1766~1853,1862~1931,1944~1995),每个升温期之后随之而来的是10年左右的快速降温,即贺兰山1~8月气温有缓慢升温而后又快速降温的特点。功率谱分析表明1-8月气温存在70、10.77、2.62、2.19、2.11年的准周期。     

Precipitation variation in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau recorded by the tree rings since 850 AD and its relevance to the Northern Hemisphere temperature

With their high resolution and reliability, tree rings play a very important role in global climate change study. The long tree-ring chronology is considered as one of the most important information sources to study the climatic change in the past several thousands years. In recent years, the tree-ring researches in China have made great progress, and the temperature and precipita- tion in some areas were reconstructed[1-20] which on- tributed to the global change studies in China. Due to the…     

Why Does Extreme Rainfall Occur in Central China during the Summer of 2020 after a Weak El Ni?o?

In summer 2020, extreme rainfall occurred throughout the Yangtze River basin, Huaihe River basin, and southern Yellow River basin, which are defined here as the central China (CC) region. However, only a weak central Pacific (CP) El Ni?o happened during winter 2019/20, so the correlations between the El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices and ENSO-induced circulation anomalies were insufficient to explain this extreme precipitation event. In this study, reanalysis data and numerical experiments are employed to identify and verify the primary ENSO-related factors that cause this extreme rainfall event. During summer 2020, unusually strong anomalous southwesterlies on the northwest side of an extremely strong Northwest Pacific anticyclone anomaly (NWPAC) contributed excess moisture and convective instability to the CC region, and thus, triggered extreme precipitation in this area. The tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) has warmed in recent decades, and consequently, intensified TIO basinwide warming appears after a weak El Ni?o, which excites an extremely strong NWPAC via the pathway of the Indo-western Pacific Ocean capacitor (IPOC) effect. Additionally, the ENSO event of 2019/20 should be treated as a fast-decaying CP El Ni?o rather than a general CP El Ni?o, so that the circulation and precipitation anomalies in summer 2020 can be better understood. Last, the increasing trend of tropospheric temperature and moisture content in the CC region after 2000 is also conducive to producing heavy precipitation.     

贺兰山油松生长对三种不同水分指数的响应及1—7月Walter指数重建

相关分析表明,贺兰山树轮差值年表(RES)与三种不同的反映土壤水分状况的指数在生长季不同时段均显著相关,其中RES与1-7月Walter指数相关系数最高达到0.76(n=30,pF=38.73,p<0.001)。     

January to August temperature variability since 1776 inferred from tree-ring width of Pinus tabulaeformis in Helan Mountain

Tree-ring standardized chronologies are developed by 78 cores collected from the eastern and western Helan Mountain. Statistical analysis shows that both the STD and RES chronologies correlate negatively with the temperature of different periods of early half year, especially with January to August mean (JA) temperature, which means that JA temperature is one of the predominant limiting factors of tree growth in the Helan Mountain. Based on this analysis, we reconstructed JA temperature, and the explained variance is 43.3% (F=21.422, p<0.001). The comparatively high temperature periods in the reconstruction were: 1805?1818, 1828–1857, 1899–1907, 1919–1931 and 1968–1995; and the comparatively low temperature periods happened in 1858–1872, 1883–1895 and 1935–1953. Ten-year moving average curve shows three slow uplifting trends: 1766–1853, 1862–1931 and 1944–1995. Each tem-perature increase was followed by a sudden temperature decrease about 10 years, that is to say, the JA temperature in the Helan Mountain is characterized by slow increase and sudden decrease. The 70- and 10.77-year periodicities detected in the temperature series correspond to the Gleissberg (80-year) and Schwabe (11-year) periodicities of solar activity respectively, the 2.11–2.62 years cycles are considered to be influenced by QBO (Quasi-Bie- nnial-Oscillation) and the local environmental change.     

1998年长江流域洪涝的成因分析

利用1998年5~9月长江流域宜昌和武汉两个水文站的资料及暴雨前期土壤湿度情况, 分析了长江流域特大洪涝形成的原因, 并与1954年的强降水进行了比较。分析表明:洪涝的形成是多种因子共同作用的结果, 汛前持续多雨, 使得土壤潮湿和江河湖库水位偏高, 直接影响汛期暴雨区的水循环, 这是1998年长江流域特大洪涝形成的主要原因之一。     

不同二氧化碳浓度岩溶洞穴可培养细菌群落特征——以重庆雪玉洞和水鸣洞为例

以重庆雪玉洞和水鸣洞为例,在测试地球化学参数的基础上,在不同CO2浓度条件下利用4种分离培养基,富集培养不同类型（洞穴沉积物及洞壁）样品可培养细菌并进行系统进化分析。结果表明：（1）水鸣洞可培养细菌丰度明显高于雪玉洞;（2）分离纯化得到的244株细菌基于16S rRNA基因序列比对分析发现,细菌主要由变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）与异常球菌-栖热菌门（Deinococcus-Thermus）构成。Bacteroidetes只存在于高CO2浓度的雪玉洞,推测Bacteroidetes能耐受高CO2浓度;（3）CO2浓度是影响岩溶洞穴细菌丰度、群落与活动的重要因素之一,推测雪玉洞和水鸣洞的δ13C-CO2值偏负可能是微生物与水文地球化学作用共同影响的结果。