煤岩的显微构造特征及其与瓦斯突出的关系——以南桐鱼田堡煤矿为例

煤瓦斯突出与煤岩显微结构构造密切相关。除部分显微结构构造与成煤阶段的环境等有关外,大部分都是构造变形的结果。因此,我们从构造变形类型和特点来划分煤岩显徽构造类型,既简便又利于应用。根据四川南桐鱼田堡煤矿4号及6号煤层的扫描电子显微镜研究,可将煤岩划分成5类:非构造煤、微裂隙煤、微劈理煤、碎裂构造煤和糜棱构造煤。文中详述了各类煤的特点,指出它们所代表的构造意义,并讨论了它们与瓦斯突出的关系。还特别提出糜棱构造煤的一系列塑性变形特征。得出结论:若其他条件均具备,有糜棱构造煤产出的地段,就可能是瓦斯突出最危险的部位。此外,根据观察煤瓦斯突出后的煤岩显微构造变化,提出有关瓦斯突出的过程,并探讨了煤瓦斯突出机理。在瓦斯突出过程中,已经历过塑性变形的煤岩又叠加了脆性变形,因而发生大量煤“粉尘”随突出而抛出。     

Hydrologic modelling of the effect of snowmelt and temperature on a mountainous watershed

Snowmelt-runoff modelling in a mountainous basin is perceived as difficult due to the complexity of simulation. Theoretically, the snowmelt process should be influenced by temperature changes. It is still controversial as how to incorporate the temperature changes into the snowmelt-runoff model in a mountainous basin. This paper presents the results of a study in the North Fork American River basin where the snowmelt-runoff mechanism is modelled by relating the temperature changes to the elevation band in the basin. In this study, a distributed hydrologic model is used to explore the orographic effects on the snowmelt-runoff using the snowfall-snowmelt routine in Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Three parameters, namely maximum snowmelt factor, minimum snowmelt factor, and snowpack temperature lag were analysed during the simulation. The model was validated using streamflow data from October 1, 1991 to September 30, 1994 with and without considering the elevation band. The result of this study suggests that the snowmelt-runoff model associated with the elevation band better represents the snowmelt-runoff mechanism in terms of Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (E _NS ), R ², and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).     

黄铁矿晶体制备研究

本文介绍了目前黄铁矿晶体和薄膜的主要制备方法、制备条件参数及其产品特点,以及模拟天然黄铁矿生长的实验方法、条件参数和实验结果.指出应加强合成黄铁矿晶体生长理论研究,根据纳米线阵列、纳米晶线黄铁矿的优异物理、机械性能、天然黄铁矿晶须的矿物学特征和晶须材料的优越性能,认为今后黄铁矿晶须的应用有广阔的前景,合成黄铁矿研究工作值得关注.     

Sequential extraction and leaching characteristics of heavy metals in abandoned tungsten mine tailings sediments

The chemical speciation of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the contaminated soils and sulfides-rich tailings sediments of an abandoned tungsten mine in Korea was evaluated by conducting modified BCR sequential extraction tests. Kinetic and static batch leaching tests were also conducted to evaluate the potential release of As and other heavy metals by acidic rain water and the leaching behaviors of these heavy metals. The major sources of the elements were As-, Zn- and Pb-bearing sulfides, Pb carbonates (i.e., cerussite), and Pb sulfates (i.e., anglesite). The biggest pollutant fraction in these soil and tailing samples consists of metals bound to the oxidizable host phase, which can be released into the environment if conditions become oxidative, and/or to residual fractions. No significant difference in total element concentrations was observed between the tailings sediments and contaminated soils. For both sample types, almost no changes occurred in the mobility of As and the other heavy metals at 7 days, but the mobility increased afterwards until the end of the tests at 30 days, regardless of the initial pH. However, the mobility was approximately 5–10 times higher at initial pH 1.0 than at initial pHs of 3.0 and 5.0. The leached amounts of all the heavy metal contents were higher from tailings sediments than from contaminated soils at pH > 3.0, but were lower at pH < 3.0 except for As. Results of this study suggest that further dissolution of heavy metals from soil and tailing samples may occur during extended rainfall, resulting in a serious threat to surface and groundwater in the mine area.     

牧牛钨矿岩石地球化学特征与成矿作用

牧牛钨矿主要受断裂和NW向韧性剪切带的控制,空间上含矿构造自西向东逐步收敛,具有"帚"状特征.牧牛矿区先后发现5条含矿石英脉.通过岩石化学研究,里尔峪组为火山陆源碎屑沉积建造;矿区花岗岩属壳源成因,为中浅成侵入深度;斜长角闪岩和透辉岩属幔源成因.钨成矿与印支期岩浆岩有关,成矿作用具有多阶段性.钨矿的成矿温度275～400℃,为中-高温热液矿床.     

中国旅游地质资源分类,分区与编图

作者认为,旅游地质资源是指那些具有旅游价值的地质遗迹和地与地质体直接有关的人类活动遗迹,旅游地质资源具有空间定位性,永续性,不可再生性,科学性等主要特点。作者提出以旅游地质资源的旅游价值为基础,以其地质特点为依据,将我国的旅游地质资源划分为３５类;以控制旅游地质资源区域分布规律的自然地质地理条件为依据,对全国进行了探索性的旅游地质资源分区,将全国分为４个旅游地质资源区和１１个旅游地质资源亚区。     

晚期海西运动在塔里木盆地北部油气藏形成中的作用

海西晚期，塔里木板块总体为挤压背景。有资料表明，该时期存在两次性质差异较大的构造运动：早二叠世末期和晚二叠世末期构造运动。前期运动以火山活动、海防变迁为特征；后期以沉积构造格局改变、褶皱、断裂活动为特征，并叠置于前期构造之上。晚期海西运动最终定型的古隆起控制了油气聚集指向，形成的古生代坳陷和中新代坳陷控制着油源区展布，造成了众多的、具有捕获油气能力的圈闭类型。断裂和区域性不整合面为油气运移提供了通道，而且对油气再分布及破坏亦有一定影响。     

煤的变质程度对焦炭结构构造的影响

从宏观和微观两方面对不同变质程度煤所形成焦炭的结构、构造进行了深入研究。从气煤到肥煤阶段（Ｒｏ，ｍ：０．７７％～１．１６％），焦炭气孔壁厚度逐渐增大；进入焦煤阶段（Ｒｏ，ｍ＞１．１６％），焦炭气孔壁厚度降低。气煤、１３焦煤形成的焦炭结构以各向同性体为主，焦煤、肥煤炼出的焦炭以粒状镶嵌结构为主。由气煤和高变质程度的焦煤形成的焦炭，其气孔以微孔和大孔为主，气孔分布标准差Ｄｓ最大；肥煤炼出的焦炭，其气孔分布大小较均一；１３焦煤和低变质程度的焦煤成焦后，气孔分布状况介于上述二者之间     

Tomography Imaging of Near-Surface Velocity Structure Experiment and Its Application in the Ore Concentrate Area of the Lower and Middle Yangtze River

利用矿集区获得的小道距、长排列接收的地震反射初至波走时数据,运用层析成像方法,首次得到长江中下游典型金属矿集区——庐枞火山岩盆地近地表1000 m以上的交叉速度结构.各剖面精细的速度结构揭露出庐枞矿集区隐伏的正长岩体顶界面深度与起伏形态,发现岩体顶面凸起及陡变化部位与矿体分布存在着明显的对应关系,罗河铁矿、小岭铁矿、龙桥铁矿、马鞭山铁矿处对应着高速层顶界面的凸起位置.罗河断裂在lz06-1线与lz06-3线表现为明显的横向速度变化界面.这些结果表明,长排列的深地震反射初至波走时层析成像方法能够为金属矿集区深部隐伏矿床的勘探研究提供丰富的地壳浅表结构(0～1000 m)信息.     

内陆河流域分布式日出山径流模型——以黑河干流山区流域为例

应用常规的气象水文数据并结合GIS,建立了一个适合西北干旱区内陆河山区流域的以日为步长的分布式径流模型,并对黑河干流山区出山径流进行了模拟计算和讨论。模型以子流域作为最小的产流、汇流单元,根据植被覆盖将各子流域分为裸地区、乔木区、牧草区和冰川区,并根据实际调查将土壤分为 3层,各分区单独进行水量平衡计算。产流过程以土壤储水能力和储水量表征,而储水能力和储水量等则由土壤的孔隙度、干密度和厚度等表征。入渗原理基于土壤储水率平衡原理,并考虑重力势的作用。实际蒸散发与蒸发力和土壤体积含水量的乘积成正比,不同的土壤和植被具有不同的调节参数。模拟结果表明,模拟效果较差的原因是区域日降水过程具有较大的随机性,难以用有限的站点合理计算区域日降水量。寻找一个合适的区域日降水量计算方法是目前少资料大型流域分布式水文模型模拟成功的关键。