中国不同地区金钗石斛气候品质对比分析

利用中国贵州赤水等35个国家气象站1991—2020年的年平均气温、1月平均气温、年降水量、年平均相对湿度、年日照时数等气候标准值,应用专家打分法,确定影响金钗石斛生长发育的气候品质评价指标及其权重;基于气候品质评价指标模型,计算贵州赤水等35个不同地区金钗石斛的气候品质评价指标等级。结果表明：金钗石斛生育期主要为休眠期和茎生长期,而茎生长期主要包括萌芽期、现蕾开花期和茎采收期。建立了中国金钗石斛气候品质评价指标模型,并将气候品质评价指标分为3个等级,即最适宜为3级,适宜为2级,不适宜为1级。贵州赤水和四川合江的金钗石斛气候品质评价指标为最高等级,其各气候要素品质评价指标均为3级,总分均为2.5,表明赤水河流域地区(贵州赤水、四川合江)是全国气候条件最适宜金钗石斛生长的区域,即贵州省赤水市气候条件是金钗石斛种植最适宜区;其次是贵州罗甸、三都,四川夹江、犍为,重庆开州,广西靖西、金秀的气候条件适宜金钗石斛生长。河北安国、云南维西、湖北神农架的气候条件不适宜金钗石斛生长。     

pGTIOL:GeoTIFF数据并行I/O库

在地理栅格并行计算处理中,数据I/O 已成为制约计算性能的主要瓶颈之一。本文针对该问题,首先分析广泛应用于GIS 栅格数据存储的GeoTIFF 格式,重点研究数据的2 种存储模式(即条带存储与块状存储),并根据这2 种存储方式,分别构建了栅格数据从逻辑结构向物理存储结构的映射模型。然后,针对地理空间并行计算的需要,提出了栅格数据的并行读写框架,并利用MPI 并行I/O 技术的文件视图方法,实现了GeoTIFF 数据并行I/O库(pGTIOL)。结果表明,对比开源栅格空间数据转换库(GDAL)的主从I/O 模式,本文提出的pGTIOL 准确读写数据,具有更高的性能。该库隐藏了底层并行I/O 的细节,提供简单易用的并行读写GeoTIFF 栅格数据的接口,支持多数据类型和多种空间分割,实现了对条带存储与块状存储数据的异步并行读写,从而满足动态负载均衡的需求。     

矿田构造发展特征

本文主要以内生脉状矿床为例,简要地论述了矿田构造的基本特征和发展规律。     

Application of frequency ratio,weights of evidence and evidential belief function models in landslide susceptibility mapping

The landslide hazard occurred in Taibai County has the characteristics of the typical landslides in mountain hinterland. The slopes mainly consist of residual sediments and locate along the highway. Most of them are in the less stable state and in high risk during rainfall in flood season especially. The main purpose of this paper is to produce landslide susceptibility maps for Taibai County (China). In the first stage, a landslide inventory map and the input layers of the landslide conditioning factors were prepared in the geographic information system supported by field investigations and remote sensing data. The landslides conditioning factors considered for the study area were slope angle, altitude, slope aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, distance to faults, distance to rivers, distance to roads, normalized difference vegetation index, lithological unit, rainfall and land use. Subsequently, the thematic data layers of conditioning factors were integrated by frequency ratio (FR), weights of evidence (WOE) and evidential belief function (EBF) models. As a result, landslide susceptibility maps were obtained. In order to compare the predictive ability of these three models, a validation procedure was conducted. The curves of cumulative area percentage of ordered index values vs. the cumulative percentage of landslide numbers were plotted and the values of area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The predictive ability was characterized by the AUC values and it indicates that all these models considered have relatively similar and high accuracies. The success rate of FR, WOE and EBF models was 0.9161, 0.9132 and 0.9129, while the prediction rate of the three models was 0.9061, 0.9052 and 0.9007, respectively. Considering the accuracy and simplicity comprehensively, the FR model is the optimum method. These landslide susceptibility maps can be used for preliminary land use planning and hazard mitigation purpose.     

Overburden deformation induced by active diapirism: Discrete element numerical simulations

Active diapirs are commonly observed in sedimentary basins worldwide. Factors controlling overburden deformation processes and patterns during the active rise of active diapirs, such as sediment cohesion and overburden thickness, are not well understood. We have utilised the discrete element numerical simulation method to simulate active diapirism in models comprised of sediments with varying cohesions and roof thicknesses. We found that sediment cohesion can significantly affect overburden deformation with low-cohesion sediments favouring the generation of a broad, smooth forced fold and a symmetric graben, while high-cohesion sediments favour the formation of master reverse faults and preferentially uplifted and rotated fault blocks in their hangingwalls in the central crest, with an overall asymmetric structural geometry. Moreover, overburden thickness does not significantly affect structural styles in the overburden. Our results also suggest that the higher the sediment cohesion, the higher the amplitude (the lower the wavelength) of the forced fold above the rising diapir becomes. Our models produced a wide spectrum of deformation structures that resemble those in nature and reveal a strong link between structural styles and sediment diagenesis in the context of active diapir-piercing sediments with varying degrees of lithification.     

动载下无筋砌体墙的应力场及裂隙分布

为探索动载下建筑物墙体失稳的力学机制,基于弹性力学理论,分析一端刚性固定无筋砌体墙受垂直地震波扰动时的应力场分布规律,得到墙体的应力解析表达式,结果显示应力特征由墙体质点振速、墙体恒载、墙体密度及其几何尺寸等因素共同决定。结合具体算例发现:墙体水平应力、垂直应力与剪应力具有不同的分布特征。水平应力值分别是剪切和垂直应力值的5倍和25倍,为墙体应力场的主控应力,其应力集中区位于刚性固定侧墙体的顶、底角,应力变化梯度为180MPa/m,且随地震强度增加,其应力场进一步向墙体刚性固定侧集中。在此基础上,基于主应力主导墙体裂隙的原则,预测了墙体张开型裂隙的分布位置、长度及角度,获得了墙体最易出现破坏失稳的部位。通过模型计算可为掌握动载下墙体力学行为提供参考。     

德州市地面沉降现状及防治对策

1 德州市地面沉降的现状及危害 地面沉降是地面在定时期内不断降低的环境地质现象,地面沉降有自然的地面沉降与人为的地面沉降。地面沉降是一种严重的地质灾害,它直接影响城市建设、工农业生产和人民生活。     

东昆仑五龙沟矿集区中三叠世辉绿岩脉的岩石成因:年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

本文对五龙沟矿集区4条辉绿岩脉中的锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年研究,发现其中大部分锆石为捕获锆石,而拥有最新年龄的锆石可代表岩浆结晶时的锆石,其加权平均年龄为（242.8±2.1）Ma,属于中三叠世。这些辉绿岩脉的w（SiO₂）为42.82%~52.94%,w（Na₂O）为1.98%~4.51%,w（K₂O）为0.70%~2.04%,属于钙碱性和高钙碱性系列;4条岩脉中V、Cr、Ni等质量分数与MgO质量分数均呈正相关,且质量分数较小,表明其岩浆演化过程中经历了以橄榄石、辉石为主的分离结晶作用;其微量元素具有相对富集大离子亲石元素（Rb、Ba、Eu）和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素的特征,Nb/La为0.39~0.50,Nb/Ta为12.16~16.69,Zr/Hf为45.82~47.06,明显和亏损软流圈地幔来源的岩浆不同。综合分析认为,五龙沟矿集区的中三叠世辉绿岩脉大地构造背景为俯冲环境,是受俯冲板片流体改造的岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物,并经受了一定的地壳混染。     

基于土壤水分和气象要素的林火预报研究——以广东省为例

基于国内现行的森林火险气象指数和单因子火险贡献度模型,以及逻辑回归模型和随机森林模型,在林火预报中引入微波遥感土壤水分信息,使用MCD14DL火点数据集和地面气象观测资料对广东省不同时间尺度的林火发生概率进行预测。结果表明：逻辑回归模型和随机森林模型构建的林火预测模型显著优于现行的森林火险气象指数和单因子火险贡献度模型,预测精度提升约20%。其中,随机森林模型对林火频数的解释程度最高（两者相关系数为0.476）。此外,加入微波土壤水分信息后,相较原有的基于气象要素的林火预测模型,2种机器学习模型的预测精度均略有提升,体现了表层土壤水分信息在林火预报中的重要性。研究可为高效提取对地观测信息,以改进华南地区不同时间尺度的林火预报工作提供参考。     

面向应急观测规划的对地观测传感器集成管理方法与应用

随着对地观测技术的发展,地学传感器种类与数量日益增加,为了高效管理对地观测传感网中的传感器资源,以及分析对地观测应急事件的特点和传感器应急观测规划的需求,本文提出面向应急观测规划的对地观测传感器资源集成管理方法。其包括对地观测传感器信息资源组织与索引、天基传感器对地观测覆盖计算、面向应急协同观测的元数据查询设计。鉴此,本文以Java平台和传感网信息模型规范SensorML为基础,设计并实现了面向应急观测规划的对地观测传感器集成管理工具GeoSensorQuery。最后,以长江流域中游洪涝监测传感器规划为例,验证了本文方法的可行性。