A case study on a strong tropical disturbance and record heavy rainfall in Hat Yai, Thailand during the winter monsoon

The evolutionary process and structural characteristics of the atmospheric circulation and synoptic situation which caused the record heavy rainfall with a precipitation amount of 550 mm in Hat Yai,Thailand from 20 to 23 November 2000 is studied. In the study, the modern three dimensional observational data were collected as completely as possible, and detailed analyses were made. It is revealed that the colds urges of the Asian winter monsoon that originate from Siberia can arrive at the lower latitudes, including South Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, cause strong heavy rainfall there, and interact with weather systems in the near-equatorial regions of the Southern Hemisphere. This is strongly supported by Chinese scientist‘s original finding in 1930s. The strong convective cloud clusters in the above areas are generated by the direct influence of the cold surges, and are related with the South China Sea disturbances in the lowe rtroposphere. The maximum of the convergence of total moisture flux near South Thailand in the situation under study implies that the water vapour supply is abundant and very favorable to the occurrence of the heavy rainfall. The release of latent heat enhances the Hadley Circulation also. The feedback of the strong severe weather on climate indeed exists, and there are pronounced interactions between the multi-scale systems and between both hemispheres.     

Equilibrium mechanism analysis on the physical processes of IAP3.0

Based on the detection of the dynamic and thermodynamic functions of the physical processes in IAP3.0, the equilibrium mechanisms of the temperature, moisture and wind are analyzed. The negative feedback between the longwave radiation and temperature is verified. The cooling regulation of net radiation on temperature is mostly balanced by the heating of precipitation, the leading actions on temperature of other processes such as vertical diffusion, shallow cumulus convection and friction are merely available for lower air. The moisture consumption of precipitation is compensated on the whole by the provision of shallow cumulus convection, which sustains the moisture conservation to a high degree. The wind field is directly regulated by the momentum redistribution of cumulus, the dry adiabatic convection and vertical diffusion. Yet, the prominent influences of these processes are generally confined to the lower level. The east wind at low latitudes and the west wind at high latitudes are both weakened by the regulations and furthermore, by virtue of the transportation of mean meridional circulation, such a variation exactly maintains the angular momentum conservation.     

低纬高原地区一次强降水过程的中尺度雨团数值模拟研究

对2001年5月31日~6月1日发生于低纬高原地区的一次强降水过程进行了数值模拟,在确定大尺度环流形势场、降水过程及雨团模拟正确的基础上,对引发强降水的主要雨团A,利用模式输出的高分辨模拟结果进行了深入的再诊断分析研究。结果表明:虽然雨团A所在区域未发现有明显的气旋系统（或扰动）,但在其发展强盛期,仍具有明显的中尺度动力和热力结构特征;中低层正涡度中心先于降水系统的发展,而垂直上升运动是低层气流辐合抬升的结果;雨团A的形成与近地层气流辐合线密切相关,并与云南特殊的地形地貌密切关联;南风分量对强雨团A的产生和发展具有重要的作用;同时,受其大尺度环流场的影响,雨团A的发展演变与印缅槽的形成和发展密切相关。对中尺度雨团A的水汽来源分析表明:在中尺度系统发展成熟前有较强的向雨团A区域的水汽输送,并且水汽主要来源其西南侧,即孟加拉湾。     

人工增雨研究和作业的进展以及提高科学化的可行途径——“人工增雨研究专辑”前言

我国人工增雨研究有很好的成果,有大规模作业的丰富经验,近年来又有很大进步。"人工增雨研究专辑"选登其中一些具有普遍意义的成果和经验,以及未来近期内可以再进一步提高的一些思考和建议。作者试图先对这些经验和问题进行归纳概述和分析讨论。大体上说,这些成功的研究成果和作业经验有:选择有利于增雨的历史天气—气候背景条件、临近作业时对作业云的判断、机理的数值模拟、凝结核和雨滴及它们的谱分布规律和新催化剂的研制等。未来近期内应该做、而且可以有结果的使作业进一步科学化的工作,除结合经验介绍而指出的一些外,关键是:1)尽量做到观测—预报—作业—效果检验一体化;直接面对增雨作业效果本身进行检验,这样才能使作业和效果检验科学化。为此应用控制论的观点和方法(尤其是工程控制论和自然控制论)是可行的。2)要开展暖性对流云催化作业的研究。3)一定要对已有的工作经验进行系统总结,并一定要将研究工作和作业实践密切结合起来。4)一定要气象和水利部门协调起来,才能充分有效地解决四度空间的水资源利用问题。此外,还涉及其他一些人工影响天气的问题,如防雹、消雾等。     

大气环流模式中动力框架与物理过程的相互响应

用大气环流模式CAM3.1和IAP AGCM4.0对模式中动力框架与物理过程之间的相互作用及响应关系进行了初步探讨。选用理想的物理过程（Held-Suarez强迫）及完整物理参数化方案,分别对两个模式积分了60 d。试验表明,动力框架与物理过程之间的相互响应在低纬对流层和高纬对流层中上层有着较大的区别。在低纬对流层,动力框架及物理过程产生的温度倾向都有着较大的变率,对总的温度倾向的变率均有较大的贡献,且二者之间为相互补偿的反相关关系;在高纬对流层的中上层,总的温度倾向的变化主要依赖于动力框架的贡献,物理过程造成的倾向变化很缓慢,可近似地看做定常的强迫,且物理过程产生的温度倾向与动力框架产生的温度倾向之间为正位相的响应关系。此外,还对各个物理参数化方案之间的相互作用及响应关系进行了分析。结果表明,在所有过程中,湿过程所引起的温度倾向的变化最为显著,对总的物理过程倾向的贡献也最大;在高纬地区,长波辐射冷却也有较大的变率;短波辐射加热率及垂直扩散加热率的变化相对较小;长波辐射冷却和短波辐射加热之间为近似负反馈的响应关系。     

HUBEX试验区近地面层的湍流输送

1998年淮河流域能量和水循环试验(HUBEX)期间曾进行了1个月的近地面层湍流观测.分析不稳定条件下湍流的统计特性和谱特征,并与Monin-Obukhov相似理论进行了比较.结果表明,不稳定的时候各湍流量的统计特征与相似理论的预期相符.虽然不稳定条件下温度和湿度涨落的相关系数很高,谱的式样也相近,但湿度谱的峰值频率高于温度谱.协谱曲线的形状显示感热通量的谱峰较宽,表现出w和T在较宽范围的强相关性,而水汽通量谱在高频段下降很快,说明水汽的输送更多地出现在低频部分.从谱相关系数可见,在近中性的时候,各尺度湍流涡的热量输送效率普遍较低,随着不稳定性增强而显著提高.分析还发现,不论不稳定性的程度如何,小尺度湍流的水汽输送效率都较低.水汽通量谱的相关系数随稳定度的变化不如热通量的谱相关系数大,表明近中性时除小尺度湍流外其他湍流涡的水汽输送效率高于热量输送.     

A mathematical formulation for optimal control of air pollution

In recent years the urban air pollutions caused by emissions from industry, transportation and energy consuming for daily living are getting worse in many major cities of China. Peoples awareness on air quality is increasing. Routine monitoring and foreca…     

THE INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION AND ITS INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY—A SIMULATION STUDY

The atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation(ISO)and its interannual variability are simulatedby the atmospheric general circulation model,which was developed at the Institute of AtmosphericPhysics.Two numerical experiments were performed,corresponding to the AMIP-Ⅰ and AMIP-Ⅱsimulations,respectively.The model reasonably reproduces the major aspects of the intraseasonaloscillation,including the propagating property and the seasonal differences in the tropics,thewavenumber structure of ISO in the globe,and the global coincidence in the interannual variationof ISO.Comparison of the results between the two experiments suggests that improvement of theboundary forcing or considering the air-sea interaction may help to improve the simulation on theISO and its interannual variability.     

旋转二维可压缩流动的谱和特征函数——Ⅱ:谱和谱函数结构的分析

本文第一部分(Ⅰ)已给出了线性化旋转二维可压缩流动方程的谱分布,并作了初步分析。本部分(Ⅱ)对这些谱及谱函数作进一步的分析讨论。设基流是低速流,此时可用摄动法求得谱和谱函数,将它们与用差分法所得结果进行比较,表明二者吻合得很好。摄动法中的离散谱初级近似就是无基流时的相应的谱,而连续谱对应的谱函数初级近似则与准地转模式的结果一致。由初级近似和一级修正项可以清楚地说明计算所得的谱和谐函数的许多重要性质。 在低速基流情况下:(1)重力一惯性波为准简谐波,基流和可变的Coriolis参数只给以较小的修正。(2)由于基流在Coriolis力作用下使自由表面有一坡度,Kelvin波必定具有横穿波射线的速度分量,同时顺传和逆传的Kelvin波不再在形态上相似;当基流愈强时上述两性质愈明显;Coriolis参数随空间的变化也改变了顺传和逆传波的相似性,此外,Kelvin波是准非频散的。(3)不为零的基流或科氏参数的变化使慢波离散谱变为非简并的即分立的,它们或者有无穷多个且基流流速为相速的聚点(当基流为常数时),或者只有有限个,甚至不存在;而当基流有切变时则有连续谱。对应于离散谱的谱函数为准简谐波;而对应于连续谱的谐函数则为广义解,但有有限能量。 本问题的谱函数与其伴随算子的谐函数正交,满足同样边界条件     

太平洋大尺度环流数值模拟 Ⅲ：季节变化

本文在年平均环流数值模拟基础上,用季节变化的大气强迫场又积分了12年,并对由模拟得到的太平洋海面起伏、洋流、温度、海表热通量和上层热储存率等的季节变化特征作了较为详细的阐述和与已有观测结果进行了比较,事实证明,模式基本上模拟出了观测到的太平洋大尺度环流基本特征及其季节变化,证实基于理论考虑设计的IAP OGCM模式具有较好的性能和对实际环流的模拟能力,有些结果并优于国外一些具有同等分辨率的海洋模式。