Overview of the UAV—Based Eddy Covariance Fluxes Measurements Technique

Airborne Eddy Covariance (EC) method is one of the most effective ways to measure the turbulent fluxes over regional scale directly. The turbulent fluxes from airborne EC method have the same spatial scale with the pixel scale of remote sensing image and the grid scale of land-surface models, which is very important for the simulation of regional or global land-surface fluxes. UAV-based eddy covariance method could achieve the observation of turbulent fluxes in a multi-period and multi-sorties way, and the observation result is reliable and the application is inexpensive. It is an important development direction for airborne flux observation technique. After the introduction of the main technical characteristics of the airborne EC method, this paper reviewed the worldwide progress in UAV-based fluxes measurements system from these aspects of the specifications of the UAVs, the integrated instruments, and the analysis of the application cases. Then, the main sources of uncertainty affecting the UAV-based fluxes measurements were discussed. At last, the shortcomings of the current UAV-based flux observation system were summarized. A brief outlook about UAV-based fluxes measurements technique was also given.     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起北缘吐木休克弧形基底卷入斜向滑移构造

石油地震资料揭示塔里木盆地中央巴楚隆起为结晶基底和古生代地层相对隆升区,地表为第四纪陆相碎屑岩不整合覆盖,隐伏隆起大部分区域缺失中、新生界。在隆起南北两侧构造变形比较强烈,均发育基底卷入的逆冲构造和古生界内逆冲构造。根据钻井资料和二维地震测线详细的构造解释,应用断层相关褶皱理论得知：吐木休克基底卷入逆冲断层是在中生界早期形成的基底卷入楔形构造的基础上,在新生界晚期再次活动形成的;新生代晚期中亚地区强烈陆内变形,导致塔里木盆地先期形成的巴楚隆起再次挤压隆升;晚期变形过程中,先存构造与形成新构造挤压方向的偏差导致新构造发育有走滑分量,形成典型的斜向挤压构造——吐木休克旋转弧形构造。平面分布上,弧形构造东西向延伸的中段和北东向延伸的西段,早期为基底卷入楔形构造,晚期发育基底卷入逆冲构造;近北西向延伸的东段,晚期发育基底卷入楔形构造叠加在早期基底卷入楔形构造之上,说明该构造至少经历了两期变形。由于晚期基底卷入逆冲断层具有走滑分量,导致盖层单斜构造发育3类应变带及相应构造：拉伸变形带发育的正断层、剪切变形带发育的走滑断层及挤压应变带即走滑构造分量;西段发育左行逆冲走滑断裂带及伸展变形;东段发育右行逆冲走滑断裂带。弧形构造西部发育的构造样式与2012年Keating等模拟的斜向断层位移形成的构造样式非常相似,说明弧形构造西段吐木休克基底卷入逆冲构造具有走滑分量,从而合理地解释了该区发育的构造样式及正断层形成机制。     

基于环境治理的关闭煤矿瓦斯和水资源利用探讨

在我国巨量的关闭煤矿井中,赋存大量的瓦斯和地下水,由于经济及地质等条件的制约,许多煤矿井只是简单关闭。这既造成可利用资源的巨额浪费,又对后续矿井生产形成安全隐患,同时又是大气及地下水的污染源。通过开展关闭煤矿资源利用调研,针对上述问题,提出了对关闭煤矿的资源利用应以有利于环境恢复和治理为前提,兼顾资源利用,以达到绿色发展的目的。为此建议①制定关闭煤矿相关政策、评价标准和技术规范;②建全环境、安全、资源要素的综合调查与评估机制;③构建矿业云数据,将关闭煤矿环境治理和资源综合利用纳入统一的生态考量系统。     

Effects of particle sphericity and initial fabric on the shearing behavior of soil–rough structural interface

Acta Geotechnica - In this study, the effects of particle sphericity and initial fabric on the shearing behavior of soil-structural interface were analyzed by discrete element method (DEM). Three...     

河南省荥巩煤田大峪沟矿段深部铝土矿床地质特征及找矿方向

荥巩煤田大峪沟矿段深部铝土矿床是最近找矿突破发现的一个大型铝土矿床。该铝土矿床成矿时代为早二叠世,成矿物源主要为古陆铝硅酸岩风化物,少量为中奥陶统马家沟组碳酸盐岩风化产物,成矿环境为潮坪-沼泽环境,由长期的沉积间断、特定的岩相古地理环境、构造变形和表生风化作用共同控制着矿床的形成;上石炭统本溪组是铝土矿形成的含矿岩系;海湾泻湖相沉积环境是铝土矿床形成的有利条件;下古生界奥陶系、寒武系古岩溶侵蚀面是铝土矿形成的有利场所,古岩溶侵蚀面洼地及漏斗是铝土矿的定位空间。大峪沟矿段铝土矿床成因模式属于"古陆风化+碎屑和化学沉积";成矿机制为机械和化学分异。含矿岩系底部铁质风化壳/铁质黏土岩为碳酸盐岩风化形成,铝(黏)土矿来源于铝硅酸盐岩。大峪沟深部铝土矿床的发现为河南省寻找深部铝土矿床指明了方向。     

地质公园规划功能分区相关问题及其优化

地质公园在生态文明建设与精准扶贫中发挥着越来越重要的作用,而其规划对公园进行科学合理的功能分区是发展建设好地质公园最重要的基础之一,也是保障地质公园可持续发展的重点和基本要求。本文从规划技术层面探讨适合我国地质公园特点的现实可行的功能分区和发展建设的协调关系,通过分析地质公园功能分区由来,指出目前地质公园规划实际中功能分区与土地利用、保护分区以及总体布局之间存在的相关问题,结合多年来的地质公园规划工作经验,提出了地质公园规划功能分区的优化对策,为地质公园规划功能分区实践提供参考。     

基于孔径分布的全风化泥岩持水曲线推算

采用压力板法、滤纸法和饱和盐溶液蒸气平衡法,分别对取自广西岑溪滑坡现场的全风化泥岩原状样进行了持水特性试验,得到全吸力范围内的持水曲线;用压汞试验测试经受不同吸力原状样的孔径分布,并用此分布曲线推算持水曲线。试验结果表明：全风化泥岩原状样的进气值为110 kPa,用3种方法可测得全风化泥岩的全吸力范围内的持水曲线。全风化泥岩原状样的孔隙大小分布可认为单峰结构,其孔隙的孔径主要分布在10～1 000 nm,但也有孔径在50～300 ?m范围内的小部分孔隙存在,主要因为原状样中存在少量的原生裂隙。利用3个经受过不同吸力土样的孔径分布分别推算其持水曲线,3条曲线组合与实测值比较表明,用一次压汞试验结果（孔径大小分布曲线）预测全吸力范围内的持水曲线精度较低,而选取各自吸力范围段的预测曲线组合而成全吸力范围持水曲线,与试验数据更为接近。     

饵料浓度、温度对缢蛏能量代谢的影响

本文以缢蛏（Sinonovacula constricta）为实验对象,使用实验室静水法,研究其在不同饵料浓度、温度梯度下的代谢情况,测定其摄食、呼吸、排粪、排泄等生理参数,并根据能量平衡原理估算了缢蛏的能量收支情况。结果表明:（1）缢蛏的摄食能、呼吸能、排泄能随饵料浓度的上升而增加;随着温度的变化,其摄食能呈峰值性改变,呼吸能和排泄能有缓慢增长趋势;（2）缢蛏从球等鞭金藻（Isochrysis sphaeric）中摄取的有机碳源主要通过呼吸代谢消耗,以粪便的形式排出,少部分随排泄代谢产物流出,余下的碳主要用作贝类自身的生长;（3）单因素方差分析表明,饵料浓度和温度均显著影响缢蛏的摄食率和耗氧率（P<0.05）,温度为23℃时,缢蛏的摄食率和耗氧率在饵料浓度为3.0×105 cells/mL时达到最高;饵料浓度为3.0×105 cells/mL时,缢蛏的摄食率在23℃时达到最大值,而耗氧率和排氨率在31℃时达到最高。     

Newly developed technique and analysis solution to accelerate consolidation of ultrasoft soil

Plastic vertical drainage is widely used in vacuum preloading for soft soil treatment. However, plastic vertical drainage has a number of disadvantages such as it only provides drainage paths in vertical directions and the distribution of soil strength is not uniform. A new technique, prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage, was developed in this study to shorten the consolidation time of ultrasoft soil. Using one vertical drainage tube and four horizontal drainage tubes, prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage provides drainage paths not only in vertical but also in horizontal directions. An analytical solution was derived to calculate the degree of soil consolidation when using the prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage technique. Field tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage and to verify the proposed analytical solution. It was found that consolidation time of soft clays using prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage was 50% lower than plastic vertical drainage. Moreover, the average undrained shear strength of soil treated by the prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage technique was approximately 30% larger than that treated by the plastic vertical drainage technique. The degree of soil consolidation estimated from the proposed analytical solution showed good agreement with field measurements. This implies that the proposed analytical solution can be used to directly estimate the degree of consolidation when the soil is treated by prefabricated vertical–horizontal drainage.     

Application of radar wind profiler data in analyzing the process of torrential rains in Urumqi Xinjiang,China

To deeply understand the micro-/mesoscale dynamic characteristics of the torrential rain process in Urumqi and improve the levels of torrential rain monitoring, forecasting and early warning, this paper analyzed the wind profile features and related scientific problems of three typical torrential rain events seen in 2013–2015 in this region. The research results suggested that: (1) Radar wind profiler can record in detail the movement condition of the atmosphere during the process of torrential rains. Carrying out detailed analyses on the wind profile data is conductive to the improvement in monitoring, forecasting and warning to torrential rain event at a single observation station. (2) When Urumqi experiences heavy rain weather, noticeable wind shear is usually observed above the observation station. In the upper air, it is southwest wind, while in the lower air it is northwest wind, which is the typical wind profile pattern for heavy rain events in the Urumqi region. (3) Obvious northwest low-level jet stream is found to go together with precipitation, and the jet is positively correlated with precipitation intensity. The velocity of low-level jet stream greatly impacts the amount and intensity of precipitation. (4) The rainstorm weather phenomena are clearly presented by the time–height chart of radar reflectivity factors. The high reflectivity values correspond positively to the height range of cloud–rain particles as well as the duration and intensity of precipitation, so it can be used as a reference index of precipitation monitoring and early warning. In a word, this research deepens on the recognition to the micro-/mesoscale weather systems during the process of heavy rains in Urumqi. Moreover, it would contribute to the application improvement of wind profiler data in analyzing the heavy rainfalls in this region.