The variability of the East Asian summer monsoon and its relationship to ENSO in a partially coupled climate model

The variability of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is studied using a partially coupled climate model (PCCM) in which the ocean component is driven by observed monthly mean wind stress anomalies added to the monthly mean wind stress climatology from a fully coupled control run. The thermodynamic coupling between the atmospheric and oceanic components is the same as in the fully coupled model and, in particular, sea surface temperature (SST) is a fully prognostic variable. The results show that the PCCM simulates the observed SST variability remarkably well in the tropical and North Pacific and Indian Oceans. Analysis of the rainfall-SST and rainfall-SST tendency correlation shows that the PCCM exhibits local air-sea coupling as in the fully coupled model and closer to what is seen in observations than is found in an atmospheric model driven by observed SST. An ensemble of experiments using the PCCM is analysed using a multivariate EOF analysis to identify the two major modes of variability of the EASM. The PCCM simulates the spatial pattern of the first two modes seen in the ERA40 reanalysis as well as part of the variability of the first principal component (correlation up to 0.5 for the model ensemble mean). Different from previous studies, the link between the first principal component and ENSO in the previous winter is found to be robust for the ensemble mean throughout the whole period of 1958–2001. Individual ensemble members nevertheless show the breakdown in the relationship before the 1980’s as seen in the observations.     

Climate variability attributable to terrestrial and oceanic forcing in the NCAR CAM3-CLM3 Models

Based on numerical experiments using the NCAR CAM3-CLM3 models, this paper examines the impact of soil moisture, vegetation, and sea surface temperature (SST) on the inter-annual variability of climate over land. For each element, two experiments are carried out, with the inter-annual variability preserved in one experiment and eliminated in the other. Differences in the standard deviation of the precipitation and air temperature at the inter-annual time scale are used to quantify the impacts from soil moisture dynamics, vegetation dynamics, and oceanic forcing. The impact of oceanic forcing is mainly limited to the Tropics, with the strongest signal in the equatorial zone, and moisture convergence is the key linkage between SST forcing and tropical precipitation. Soil moisture plays a significant role in climate variability during the rainy seasons of all semi-arid regions (which is consistent with many previous studies), and during the dry seasons of the humid Amazon. Evapotranspiration is identified as the main mechanism linking precipitation variability to soil moisture. Amazon is the only region where vegetation dynamics has a significant influence on precipitation variability. However, the impact of vegetation dynamics on temperature is strong over the US Great Plains in all four seasons and in the Amazon region during the dry and dry-to-wet transition seasons.     

Metallogenic and Metamorphic Age of the Hongtoushan Copper–Zinc Massive Sulfide Deposit,Liaoning Province,China

The Hongtoushan copper–zinc deposit is the only large Archean volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit in China. This paper presents new information on the timing of metallogenesis and metamorphism of the deposit, including new cathodoluminescence (CL) images, and Th U^?1 and LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating on zircons of the biotite–plagioclase gneiss and plagioclase–amphibole gneiss that host the deposit. The CL images and Th U^?1 ratios indicate that the zircons within the gneiss are of metamorphic origin. LA–ICP–MS dating of the plagioclase–amphibole gneiss yielded the upper intercept ages of 2549 Ma, and the biotite–plagioclase gneiss yielded the upper intercept ages of 2552 Ma and 2550 Ma correspondingly, indicating that the mineralization of the deposit occurred at around 2550 Ma. The rims of zircons within these host rocks yielded younger U–Pb ages at 2529, 2520 and 2515 Ma, identical to the age of felsic intrusive rocks in the study area. This suggests that the Hongtoushan VMS deposit underwent initial metamorphism and deformation at around 2520 Ma by the intrusion of granite magmas.     

The influence of irrigation and Wuliangsuhai Lake on groundwater quality in eastern Hetao Basin,Inner Mongolia,China

Geochemical and isotopic characterization of groundwater and lake-water samples were combined with water and total dissolved solids balances to evaluate sources of groundwater quality deterioration in eastern Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Groundwater quality is poor; 11 of 13 wells exceed drinking-water guidelines for at least one health-based parameter and all wells exceed aesthetic guidelines. The well water is largely derived from Yellow River irrigation water. Notably high uranium concentrations in the Yellow River, relative to world rivers, suggest groundwater uranium and other trace elements may originate in the river-derived irrigation water. Complex hydrostratigraphy and spatial variation in groundwater recharge result in spatially complex groundwater flow and geochemistry. Evapotranspiration of irrigation water causes chloride concentration increases of up to two orders of magnitude in the basin, notably in shallow groundwater around Wuliangsuhai Lake. In addition to evapotranspiration, groundwater quality is affected by mineral precipitation and dissolution, silicate weathering, and redox processes. The lake-water and TDS balances suggest that a small amount of discharge to groundwater (but associated with very high solute concentrations) contributes to groundwater salinization in this region. Increasing salinity in the groundwater and Wuliangsuhai Lake will continue to deteriorate water quality unless irrigation management practices improve.     

A new theoretical method for analyzing confined dry granular flows

A granular body may deform in a continuous fashion such that the solid particles remain in close contact. Previous research works have always used the frictional Coulomb-like continuum treatment for analyzing granular bodies. However, this approach is only applicable for quasi-static conditions and cannot capture the complicated granular contact behavior of solid particles inside a failing granular body. This paper applies a revised Savage–Hutter equation to model granular flows moving down a confined, sloping channel. The Coulomb contact friction law is modified to consider the effect of the shear rate inside a granular body. This new method also considers the confinement effect of a sloping channel on granular flow mobility. The derived depth-averaged equations of motion bear a resemblance to nonlinear shallow-water wave equations. Results computed using the derived equations are compared with measurements from flume model tests, and consistency is found between the two.     

中国西部地区方沸石胶结相与碎屑岩次生优质储集层形成机制

含油气盆地碎屑岩次生优质储集层的发育,除了与广泛发育的方解石胶结相有关外,在中国西部还有一类与沸石族自生矿物胶结的成岩相有关,其中以溶蚀方沸石胶结相形成的次生优质储集层与油气聚集成藏又有十分密切的关联。经实例分析:与自生方沸石胶结有关的成岩相主要受控于扇(辫状河)三角洲前缘相带、火山岩物源和成岩早期的碱性环境;次生优质储集层的形成在时间上主要处于成岩中期A阶段,在空间上受控于邻近的烃源岩、圈闭和输导体的沟通。方沸石矿物在物理性质上具有抗压易溶(有机酸)作用,较其他常见的自生矿物(胶结物)相对优越,就方沸石易于溶蚀的特点而言是较为理想的自生矿物(胶结物)。其溶蚀对孔隙度的贡献率在50％～75％之间,发育几率占绝对优势。所以,在方沸石发育的相带中寻找以粒间溶蚀孔为主的优质储集层,具有可靠的操作性和现实性。     

沉积岩平行层面与垂直层面方向热导率与孔隙连通性之间的关系

根据对渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷泥质岩、粉砂岩、砂岩和白云岩平行层面与垂直层面方向热导率差异及孔隙连通性差异特征的研究,探讨了沉积岩平行层面与垂直层面方向热导率与孔隙连通性之间的关系。热导率实验结果表明:沾化凹陷泥质岩、粉砂岩和砂岩的平行层面方向热导率大于垂直层面方向热导率;白云岩的平行层面方向热导率小于垂直层面方向热导率。沉积岩平行层面与垂直层面方向热导率差异和孔隙连通性差异之间具有正相关性。孔隙特征分析结果表明:孔隙连通性较好方向,热导率也较高;孔隙连通性较差的的方向,热导率也较低。     

淮北矿区煤层气资源勘查潜力评价

淮北矿区地处华东腹地,煤层气资源丰富,具备大规模开发的前景。选用层次分析法与灰色聚类法评价方法,通过构建层次结构模型、计算指标权重、制定参数分类评价标准、运用灰色聚类法判别灰类、计算综合优度值,对矿区16个评价单元的山西组和下石盒子组煤层气资源潜力进行了评价,结果显示,淮北矿区山西组煤层气勘查潜力中等,下石盒子组勘查潜力较好。     

聚合物钻井液在河北广宗勘探区深孔施工中的应用

在河北广宗勘探区深孔施工中,由于地表钻探用水水质影响及原钻井液体系不合适,造成钻井液性能指标达不到要求,性能难以控制,尤其失水量严重超标,接连发生孔内事故。针对存在的问题,经过分析和实验,采用化学方法处理钻探用水,选用聚合物钻井液,解决了深部钻孔施工存在的难点,收到了较好的效果,单孔深度达到1937.35m,并刷新了本单位及局属单位的钻探记录。     

External seismic stability of vertical geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls using pseudo-static method

Analysis of external stability of vertical geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls is very important in the seismic prone zone. The scope of this paper is to obtain required minimum reinforcement length, L _min, for external seismic stability of vertical GRS walls by pseudo-static limit equilibrium method. Then, L _min can be calculated to resist sliding, eccentricity, and bearing capacity failure modes. The parameters considered include both horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients (k _h and k _v ), surcharge load (q), wall height (H) and the properties of retained backfill, GRS, and foundation soil. Results show that L _min against sliding failure mode, L _min,S , increases more quickly than that against the other two failure modes with the increase in k _h , q, or unit weight of retained backfill, γ _b , while L _min,S decreases more quickly than that against the other two failure modes with increase in friction angle of retained backfill, ? _b , or unit weight of GRS, γ _r . For the different failure modes, the effect of k _v on L _min is not identical with the change of k _h , and in addition, L _min/H will tend to remain unchanged with the increase in H. In general, L _min against bearing capacity failure mode, L _min,BC, is larger than L _min against the other two failure modes. However, L _min,BC will be less than L _min against eccentricity failure mode, L _min,E , for k _h exceeding 0.35, or friction angle of foundation soil, ? _f , exceeding 37°, and L _min,BC will also be less than L _min,S for friction angle of GRS, ? _r , being no more than 26°.