"数字地球"的体系结构

根据我们一年来对“数字地球”的研究,从地理信息与信息技术发展和信息化社会的角度出发,系统地介绍了“数字地球”涉及的研究内容、关键技术、应用前景等问题,比较客观地阐明了“数字地球”的相关内容。     

安徽沿江地区地壳结构三维空间特征的探讨

以对扬块区地壳结构总体认识为框架,结合区内构造层以及重、磁等深部地球物理和地震剖面资料,对安徽沿江地区６条剖面进行综合解释和反演拟合,给安徽沿江地区地壳断面的推断结果。     

塔里木西部古生代层序地层特征

塔里木西部在古生代地质演化过程中,由于构造活动、海平面升降变化、沉积物供应速率等因素变化,造成了不同形式和不同级别的沉积间断,其产物---不整合面是建立该区层序地层格架的关键。研究区古生代大体经历了(寒武-奥陶纪)海进→(志留-泥盆纪)海退)→(石炭纪)海进→(二叠纪)海退的沉积旋回,形成了特征各异的层序序列。研究表明,其中Ⅰ级不整合面(层序面)有前震旦系顶界面、奥陶系顶界面和古生界顶界面。根据地面剖面、钻井和地震资料以及不整合面的特征和级别,首次在古生界识别出2个Ⅰ级层序、6个Ⅱ级层序和12个Ⅲ级层序。Ⅰ级层序是在不同的构造背景和沉积条件下形成的。Ⅱ级层序尽管特征各异,但一般均有四种基本叠置方式组成,即退积、进积、加积和上超。Ⅲ级层序一般由层序界面、海侵面和最大海泛面所限定的体系域组成,均发育TST和HST,有时出现SMST和LST。不同的体系域和沉积相控制着烃类生储盖层的分布,TST与生油层和储集层的形成有关,而HST多与盖层和储集层的形成有关。     

Differential transgression of rift basin and characteristic response of sedimentary system within sequence framework: An example from the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Baxian sag,Bohai Bay Basin

Multi-stage differential transgression controls sequence architecture and its sedimentary type and distribution during the tectonic evolution of lacustrine rift basin. Combined with the seismic data of the Baxian sag as well as drilling,logging,core and paleontological materials from 800 exploration wells,the study targeted the Members 1 and 3 of the Shahejie Formation to analyze sequence architecture and sedimentological difference within the sequence framework during the differential lake transgression,based on the investigation of the Paleogene lake basin evolution. The results showed that the fault slope-break slope architecture was well developed with back-stepping deltas and fan deltas during the slow lake transgression of the Member 3 of Shahejie Formation,in which forms thick high quality source rocks. The flexural-gentle slope architecture was well developed with mixed beach bar and small scale nearshore subaqueous fans(fan deltas)during the rapid transgression of the Member 1 of Shahejie Formation. The differential subsidence controlled the sequence architecture,paleogeomorphology and provenance supply,regulating the spatial lithological distribution. And there are significant differences in sequence architecture and sedimentary system during the different evolution stages of the lake basin. On this basis,the response model of sedimentary system characteristics under differential lacustrine transgression is established,which can be used for reference for oil and gas exploration,especially for lithologic oil and gas reservoir in the same type of basin.     

Coupling between metallogenesis of the Cryogenian Datangpo-type manganese deposit in South China and major geological events

The exploration of the Cryogenian manganese deposits in the Datangpo Formation of South China has achieved great progress in recent years. It is concern in the long term there are many studies on this manganese deposits due to its particularity in the temporal and spatial distribution and the mineralization background. In this paper,we systematically summarize the previous achievements on the Datangpo-type manganese deposits. Besides,we also review current findings of Neoproterozoic global geotectonics,palaeoclimate evolution,ancient marine chemistry,and microbial evolution etc. The possible linkage between the massive metallogenesis of the Cryogenian Datangpo manganese deposits in the South China and Neoproterozoic major geological events is established. The break-up of Rodinia supercontinent led to the widespread rift basin systems in the world since the Middle Neoproterozoic. The Nanhua Basin in South China,which is a manganese-forming sedimentary basin,developed from the rift basin. The rift basin provided space for manganese deposits and controlled the distribution of manganese deposit. The hydrothermal activities at the bottom of the basin provided favorable manganese source. During the Neoproterozoic ice period(“Snowball Earth”event),global ice-sheets cut off or hindered exchanges of mass and energy between different spheres of Earth,which may lead to the widespread anoxic condition in the ice age ocean. The palaeoclimate changes during the glacial-interglacial period led to the disappearance of ice-sheets and the triggering of mass and energy exchanges between different sub-systems of Earth,followed by the variation of redox condition of the ancient sea. For the Nanhua Basin,the oxidation of surface water and the oxygen-bearing base flow provided the oxidation environment for the precipitation of manganese. Besides,new evidence indicated that manganese microbiological mineralization was the potential mechanism for manganese deposit under the microbial resuscitation condition during the interglacial period. All these major geological events have complicated connections and they provided essential metallogenic conditions for the sedimentary mineralization of “Datangpo”manganese deposit. It is believed that there is a coupling between the sedimentary metallogenesis of the Cryogenian Datangpo-type manganese deposit in South China and Neoproterozoic major geological events.     

MDD模式与快速冷却事件

ＭＤＤ 模式（Ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ Ｄｉｆｆｕｓｉｏｎ Ｄｏｍａｉｎ ｍｏｄｅｌ） 是Ｄｏｄｓｏｎ 模式的扩展,它可以从一个钾长石样品分析中,得到温度在≤３５０ ～１５０ ℃之间的一条连续的冷却曲线,因此,ＭＤＤ 模式的一个突出贡献是对快速冷却事件的定量制约。冈底斯岩带与哀牢山－ 红河剪切带中新世的快速冷却事件与构造含义是利用这一模式进行研究的成功实例,它不仅定量厘定了快速冷却事件的时间,证实了其存在的普遍性,而且明确指出了中新世印度和欧亚板块碰撞后岩石圈质量转移过程的时间序列,定量地指出了冈底斯岩带逆冲抬升导致的地壳增厚与沿哀牢山－ 红河剪切带地壳块体的侧向挤出在时间上的同步性和差异性     

腾冲火山岩斜长石斑晶的过剩氩兼论火山活动的分期

在腾冲黑空山、打鹰山和马鞍山火山岩的斜长石斑晶里首次发现存在过剩氩,并从基质中得到比以往的全岩年龄更年轻的KAr年龄,论证了以往所发表这一时间段的KAr 年龄结果可能因过剩氩而偏老,结合马鞍山已经取得的10 ka左右的U系年龄结果认为,腾冲最近一期火山活动的终止时间应为全新世。     

扬子地块西南缘晚古生代基性岩浆岩的性质与古特提斯洋的演化

扬子地块西南缘晚泥盆世至晚二叠世的基性岩浆岩具有大体类似的地球化学性质, 它们均富集Ｔｉ（ＴｉＯ２＞ ２％ ）、ＬＩＬＥ和ＬＲＥＥ（Ｌａ／Ｙｂ）Ｎ＝ ４．８～１４．６）,Ｔｉ／Ｖ（３２～６７）、Ｔｉ／Ｙ（４００～６９３）和Ｚｒ／Ｙ（３．２～７．６）比值高,具洋岛玄武岩的特征,推测它们均与地幔柱岩浆的活动有关。该地幔柱岩浆活动的时期与古特提斯洋盆演化的时期大体吻合, 但地幔柱岩浆开始喷发的中心与古特提斯初始扩张的中心相距甚远,看来,金沙江－哀牢山洋盆的张开与地幔柱岩浆活动无关。从晚泥盆世至晚二叠世,地幔柱岩浆活动的规模和强度逐渐增加,玄武岩分布中心从广西的南宁－百色之间逐渐向北西３１０°方向迁移了约６００ ｋｍ ,推测这一迁移轨迹可能受金沙江－哀牢山洋盆扩张的影响。据此估计, 金沙江－哀牢山洋盆宽度可达约１ ０００ ｋｍ 。据地幔柱岩浆轨迹与金沙江－哀牢山缝合带所夹的角度推测, 扬子地块可能经历了顺时针旋转, 与古地磁资料一致。     

用GPS复测结果计算地应变

详细地叙述了用ＧＰＳ和应变数据计算地壳水平速度和水平应变率的方法,这一方法满足变形协调性条件。用全国和大华北地区ＧＰＳ网的多期观测数据进行了试算,获得了一系列地壳水平运动和应变率场分布的图像。根据这些计算结果,可以初步得出如下结论：（１）ＧＰＳ能够有效地监测现今地壳运动和形变的信息;（２）所述的计算方法是有效的,其计算结果比直接测量结果提供了更多的有关现今地壳运动和形变的信息。     

Desert evolution and climatic changes in the Tarim River basin since 12 ka BP

Climatic changes in the Tarim River basin since 12 kaBP were divided into four stages based on the analyses of sedimentary phase, the features of some climatic and environmental biomarks in the sedimentary strata and desert evolution. During the Holocene, cool-dry and temperate-dry climates resulted in apparent alluvial-fluvial and weak aeolian activities. During 10–8 kaBP, the climate was dry and cold, large-scale sand dunes activities led to regional deeert expansion. During the hypsithermal (8–3 kaBP), the climate was dry and warm, shifting sand areas decreased and a lot of sand dunes were fixed along the banks of the Tarim River and its tributaries, lowlands and lakes. As a result, fluvial-alluvial areas increased. Since 3 kaBP, the aeolian activity and sandstorms have been enhancing due to the combined influences of climatic warming and illogicill exploitation of land and water resources. The climate in the Tarim River basin have been persistently dry and alternated by warm and cold periods. Consequently, the sedimentary environments have varied fmm desert steppe to desert, and strongly influenced by periphery mountains and global climatic fluctuations.