熵权法改进的模糊数学滑坡稳定性评价方法研究

滑坡是中国最为常见的一种地质灾害类型,其具有的易发、频发特点使得人民的生命财产安全受到了严重的威胁,滑坡的稳定性评价是滑坡防灾减灾工作中最为关键的一项工作。鉴于滑坡诱发因素具有模糊性的特点,文章以陕西省勉县新铺镇发育的典型堆积层滑坡为例,在地质环境条件分析的基础上,考虑了采用模糊数学法进行滑坡稳定性评价,并引入热力学中“熵”的概念,采用熵权法确定了滑坡诱发因子的权重,进而提出了一种基于熵权法改进的模糊数学滑坡稳定性评价新方法。结果表明：新提出的基于熵权法改进的模糊数学滑坡稳定性评价方法克服了传统模糊综合评价方法主观性判断滑坡影响因子权重的弊端;通过数值模拟法进行滑坡稳定性定量化分析验证,发现两种方法评价结论较为吻合,说明了所提出的新方法具有一定的可靠性。基于熵权法改进的模糊数学滑坡稳定性评价方法较为快速简捷,可用于临灾快速预警、应急救援等突发情况下的滑坡防灾减灾工作。     

一种基于似最小生成树的空间聚类算法

根据空间邻近目标的距离变化情况,定义了边长变化因子概念,给出了一种似最小生成树的构建方法。在此基础上,提出了一种基于似最小生成树的空间聚类算法。模拟数据和实际数据分析发现,基于似最小生成树的空间算法能够发现任意形状的空间簇和异常点,并能够很好地适应空间数据分布不均匀的特点。通过与经典的DBSCAN算法比较,发现基于似最小生成树的空间聚类算法比DBSCAN算法更具有实用性。     

How changes of groundwater level affect the desert riparian forest ecosystem in the Ejina Oasis,Northwest China

Groundwater is a key factor controlling the growth of vegetation in desert riparian systems. It is important to recognise how groundwater changes affect the riparian forest ecosystem. This information will not only help us to understand the ecological and hydrological process of the riparian forest but also provide support for ecological recovery of riparian forests and water-resources management of arid inland river basins. This study aims to estimate the suitability of the Water Vegetation Energy and Solute Modelling(WAVES) model to simulate the Ejina Desert riparian forest ecosystem changes,China, to assess effects of groundwater-depth change on the canopy leaf area index(LAI) and water budgets, and to ascertain the suitable groundwater depth for preserving the stability and structure of desert riparian forest. Results demonstrated that the WAVES model can simulate changes to ecological and hydrological processes. The annual mean water consumption of a Tamarix chinensis riparian forest was less than that of a Populus euphratica riparian forest, and the canopy LAI of the desert riparian forest should increase as groundwater depth decreases. Groundwater changes could significantly influence water budgets for T. chinensis and P. euphratica riparian forests and show the positive and negative effects on vegetation growth and water budgets of riparian forests. Maintaining the annual mean groundwater depth at around 1.7-2.7 m is critical for healthy riparian forest growth. This study highlights the importance of considering groundwater-change impacts on desert riparian vegetation and water-balance applications in ecological restoration and efficient water-resource management in the Heihe River Basin.     

郯庐断裂带南段早白垩世镁铁质岩墙成因及其地质意义

地壳再循环物质交代岩石圈地幔形成不均质的地幔源区,其衍生的镁铁质岩浆岩为揭示地幔演化及壳—幔相互作用提供了重要信息。本文对郯庐断裂带内张八岭隆起南段肥东地区镁铁质岩中的锆石进行LA‑ICP‑MS定年,获得年龄集中在127~122 Ma。镁铁质岩样品中SiO₂含量为51.33%~54.01%,Mg^#值为52.6~70.0,并具有富钠、富碱(σ = 2.46~4.22)的特征,属于亚碱性和高钾钙碱性系列。镁铁质岩样品均富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs,如Ba、Pb、K),相对亏损高场强元素(HFSEs,包括Nb、Ta、Ti等),表现为弧型地球化学特征。锆石Hf‑O同位素研究获得极负的ε_Hf(t)值(-23.4~-21.2)和略高的δ¹⁸O值(5.49‰~6.01‰),与新元古代斜长角闪岩同位素组成显示出一致的演化趋势和相似的分布特征。因此,早白垩世镁铁质岩墙富集的同位素特征主要继承于新元古代(~800 Ma)岩石圈地幔;在郯庐断裂带伸展背景下,由古老岩石圈地幔发生减压熔融形成。

     

中国地区气溶胶气候效应研究进展

在过去的20多年里,中外对硫酸盐气溶胶做了大量的研究,对它在大气中的排放、含量、光学特征和辐射强迫有了深入的认识;由于硝酸盐气溶胶在大气中平均含量比硫酸盐低很多,因此过去人们对硝酸盐的研究没有给予重视。然而,近年来的研究表明,硝酸盐气溶胶的散射性质在某些波段甚至强于硫酸盐;同时,由于未来对人为硫酸盐前体物的减排,硫酸盐气溶胶排放会大幅度减少,而硝酸盐气溶胶的排放却增长迅速,其在人为气溶胶中所占的比重越来越高,将会导致其在未来造成的辐射强迫有可能超过硫酸盐,使得其在地区范围内和季节尺度上成为重要的辐射强迫和气候影响因子。中国是硝酸盐气溶胶排放量较大的地区,硝酸盐对未来中国气候和气候变化的影响显得越来越重要。因此,就近年来有关硝酸盐气溶胶的排放和在大气中的浓度变化、光学厚度分布特征及其辐射强迫的研究进展做了回顾和介绍,并对其未来的研究做了展望。     

近50年来新疆天山山区水循环要素的变化特征与趋势

天山山区由于其特殊的地理位置与高海拔,成为新疆地表径流的主要产流区域。近几十年来,全球平均气温的持续上升对该区域气温、降水、径流等水循环要素产生重要的影响。根据天山南北坡有关水文气象台站的观测资料,系统地分析了该区域1960年代以来各水循环要素的变化特征与趋势。结果表明,受全球变暖的影响,1980年以来整个天山地区气温和降水均呈明显的上升趋势,其中10 a气温的升幅更为显著;对于降水而言,天山南坡降水增幅大于北坡,而南坡的西段是近10 a降水增幅最大的区域。受气温上升与降水增加的影响,天山地区出山径流总体上呈增加的趋势,其中,近10 a天山南坡中西段河流出山径流量增幅最为显著,平均增幅在30%以上。     

Approaches and countermeasures of the transfer of rural surplus labors in China

IntroductionThe trallSfer of ~l sUrplus labor is a great and occult socio-economic project ti'ans-centUry in Chin4which is closely related to the development of agricultUre and the whole national economy. To someextent it decides the ~nnation from the System of tWo layers to modendsahon in economy and thedevelopment from laggard agriculed counny tO rising industrialized one as well as makes the edeconomy go up to the new Stage so as to achieve the compalatively well-off goal. ESPecially on…     

Analytic solutions to long's model: A comparison of nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic cases

Summary In this paper, analytic solutions of the nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic forms of Long's model were obtained under two different sets of vertical boundary conditions: The first uses a sumusoidal obstacle at the lower boundary and a rigid-lid top for the upper boundary. The second set applies an isolated obstacle of the Witch of Agnesi type at the lower boundary, while still using a rigid lid at the top. Following the solution evaluations, comparisons between the nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic solutions were processed in order to describe several influences introduced by using the hydrostatic assumption in this model.Through comparisons we have found that, in the case of a sinusoidal lower boundary condition, the hydrostatic solution is obtained as the zero mode of the nonhydrostatic solution. The influence of the hydrostatic assumption on the model solution is trivial in this case. When an isolated lower boundary condition is applied, however, the solutions illustrate dramatic differences, showing the significance of the effect of hydrostatic assumption on this model's solutions. These effects vary considerably with the model parameters as well. The comparison results also reveal that the realization of the hydrostatic assumption in this model's solutions is accomplished through the vertical boundary conditions used in the model evaluations.With 5 Figures     

戈壁分类体系与编目研究

建立统一的戈壁分类和编目体系,是进一步深入研究戈壁的理论基础,也是合理开发利用戈壁资源的前提。到目前为止,只有少量文献或著作提到戈壁或戈壁类型,关于戈壁编目的研究更鲜有报道。为了促进戈壁研究的规范化,本文在参照现有戈壁分类基础上,结合戈壁科学考察成果,根据戈壁的形成原因、地表物质组成与植被类型,分三级建立了戈壁分类体系,并对每一级每一类的戈壁特征进行了较为详细的阐述。在戈壁分类基础上,提出戈壁编目设想,以期为进一步深入开展戈壁研究奠定基础。