基于星载被动微波遥感的青藏高原湖冰物候监测方法

湖冰物候影响着区域及全球气候,是全球变化的敏感因子,青藏高原湖泊众多,冻融现场监测数据缺乏,而微波具有对冰水相变敏感、时间分辨率高、历史存档数据长等特点,这对于长时间序列湖冰物候研究具有重要意义.然而,被动微波遥感空间分辨率低、湖泊亮温的精准定位难.论文通过获取AMSR-E/Aqua和AMSR-2/Gcom-W1的亮温数据,构建了基于轨道亮温数据的阈值判别法,通过对青藏高原不同区域和不同大小的青海湖、色林错、哈拉湖以及阿其克库勒湖进行测试研究:与青海湖现场观测对比,湖泊完全冻结日期与开始融化日期最大误差小于3天;与无云光学遥感判别结果相比,4个湖泊的冻融参数误差为2~4天.结果表明,被动微波轨道亮温数据可实现青藏高原地区亚像元级中大型湖泊冻融信息的获取,历史卫星资料可为湖冰物候的监测提供重要的支撑.     

富营养化浅水湖泊生态修复中背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对水质改善的影响

滤水速率的快慢是决定滤食性河蚌对水质改善与否的关键,但受蚌龄大小、食物多少和季节变化的影响.以背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana）为研究对象,设置幼龄蚌组、成年蚌组和无蚌对照组,在惠州西湖生态修复后的清水态和未修复的富营养化水体同时进行中型系统原位实验,测定了各处理组水层中氮、磷、总悬浮物（TSS）浓度和浮游藻类生物量（用叶绿素a（Chl.a）浓度表示）的季节变化,以研究蚌龄、食物和季节变化对背角无齿蚌水质改善的影响.结果表明,与对照组相比,背角无齿蚌提高了清水态水体总磷（TP）和铵态氮浓度,但对总氮（TN）、TSS和浮游藻类Chl.a浓度的影响不显著,表明其不能有效改善清水态水体水质;富营养化水体中,背角无齿蚌虽对水中TN浓度影响不显著,但显著降低了TP浓度、浮游藻类Chl.a浓度和TSS浓度;表明背角无齿蚌可改善富营养化水体水质;且富营养化水体中幼龄蚌的滤水速率显著高于成年蚌;幼龄蚌的滤水速率春季最大（0.132±0.018 L/（g·h））,夏季最小.因此,在富营养化水体修复前期,可通过放养本地滤食性河蚌,如背角无齿蚌,以改善水质,春季放养幼龄蚌更佳,为接下来的修复创造有利条件;而在生态修复后期的清水态水体中,单独的河蚌对水质改善效果不明显.本研究可为水生态系统保护和富营养化水体生态修复提供参考.     

基于多植物生长模式的SWAT模型的修正与有效性初探

以农林系统的非点源污染模拟为目标,通过研究建立变化密度及多种类混杂的森林生长模型,修正了SWAT模型采用平均森林植被密度和单一植物生长模式估算生物累积量的问题,并建立了与之相适应的森林优势组份丰度遥感反演模型、叶面积指数和消光系数遥感反演模型以获取森林生长模型的相关参数.同时,根据间作套种下的辐射能利用Keating方程,引入间作套种指数变量,修正SWAT原有的单一生物量日积累模型,探讨了作物复种指数、间作套种指数遥感反演方法和以此为基础的作物间作套种生长模型.以亚热带季风湿润区红壤背景下的鄱阳湖流域子流域梅江流域为试验区,以野外实测数据为基础,探讨修正SWAT模型的有效性.结果表明:修正后的SWAT模型与原始SWAT模型相比,在模拟流量和营养盐负荷方面,得到了较好的改善.在模拟流量方面,有效性提高了7.8%,流量峰值的模拟也得到了改善,能更好地反映地表蓄流方面的实际情况;在模拟营养盐负荷方面,有效性提高了6.4%(总磷)和6.1%(总氮).     

Refined chronology of prehistoric cultures and its implication for re-evaluating human-environment relations in the Hexi Corridor,northwest China

The reconstruction of high-resolution chronologies for prehistoric cultures is a prerequisite for understanding the history of human evolution and its relationship with environmental change, and is valuable for exploring the trajectory of transcontinental cultural exchanges in prehistoric time. The Hexi Corridor of northwest China was one of the earliest centers for long-distance culture exchange in the prehistoric world. The timing and sequence of cultural changes in this area remains poorly understood resulting from the lack of radiometric age control. This paper presents a refined radiocarbon(14 C) chronology to resolve the timing of human occupation and cultural evolution in the Hexi Corridor. Radiocarbon dating of crop remains, which have an annual life cycle, has the advantage of eliminating problems such as the carbon stored in ‘old wood'. As a result,~(14)C dates from crop remains are used to test the validity of the~(14)C dates derived from charcoal, bone and plant remains. The resultant database of ages is modelled using the Bayesian approach. The updated chronology presented in this paper shows generally good agreement with the original dates used to constrain cultural evolution in the Hexi Corridor. However, the occupation of the corridor by the Shajing and Shanma Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age cultures appears to have taken place ～300 years later than previously thought. On the basis of comparing this updated chronology of cultural evolution with palaeoclimatic and historical records, it is proposed that the collapse of the Shajing and Shanma cultures occurred as a result of geopolitical impact rather than climate change.     

黑龙江省公众防震减灾科普知识调查分析

目前,在地震预报不准确的情况下,全面加强防震减灾宣传教育工作,不断增强社会公众的危机意识和防震减灾能力,是减少灾害损失、保障群众生命财产安全和社会安全稳定的基础工作。近年来,黑龙江省地震局持续开展防震减灾宣传教育,取得了一定的成绩,但通过调研数据可以看出,宣教工作仍然存在着一些问题和不足。希望通过对黑龙江省防震减灾宣教工作的现状进行分析,提出相应对策,有的放矢的做好防震减灾宣传教育工作,引导社会公众共同参与防震减灾活动。     

气枪信号触发台站的自动快速识别

气枪震源是高度可重复的人工震源,在深部探测工作中应用广泛。以福建省地震局组织开展的水库气枪实验为研究对象,面向未来技术的发展,提出基于气枪激发波形的相关性计算,自动获取气枪信号触发台站情况,并绘制触发台站的分布图。对处理结果分析认为:该方法能快速准确识别触发台站,可迅速作出分布图,直观地反应气枪激发效果,较好地为实验现场实验条件的调整提供依据。     

Influence of impulse waves generated by rocky landslides on the pressure exerted on bank slopes

Rocky landslides on river banks can result in the generation of ultra-high waves, which may destroy structures on the opposite bank. Existing methods to calculate the pressure on bank slopes under the effect of impulse waves generated by landslides are, however, few and of low precision. Therefore, in this study, a three-dimensional physical model test was conducted by taking into account factors such as landslide geometry parameters and the bank slope angle. The model test section was generalized on the basis of a certain section of the Three Gorges reservoir area as a prototype, after which the wave parameters and wave pressure acting on the bank slope were measured. Subsequently, the magnitude, acting point, and distribution of the pressure of the impulse waves generated by the rocky landslide upon the bank slope were determined. The distribution curve of the impact pressure was similar to that calculated using the СНиПⅡ57-75 formula, and the experimental pulsating pressure value was close to the value calculated using the Subgrade formula. Based on the test results, a power function of the relative pulsating pressure steepness with respect to the reciprocal of the wave steepness, relative water depth, and slope ratio was proposed. The acting point of the maximum pulsating pressure was found to be located near the still water level. Finally, an empirical formula for calculating the envelope of the maximum pulsating pressure distribution curve was proposed. These formulas can serve as a theoretical basis for the prediction of impulse wave pressure generated owing to landslides on bank slopes.     

中国福建省亚热带山地4 000年来植被变化的孢粉记录

根据采自福建省中部戴云山脉亚高山水系源头地带(大致25°40'N,118°11'E)泥炭沉积洼地的孢粉纪录,对该地区亚热带山地植被近4 000年来的变化进行了研究.孢粉记录和其他沉积资料显示,3个取样点的泥炭沉积开始于4 000年前,很可能是全新世后期气候转冷的结果.在距今4 000～1 200年前期间,戴云山脉上部(海拔1 300～1 600 m)的植被为亚热带针阔叶混交类型,优势种属包括Cryptomeria(柳杉)、Castanopsis(栲)、Quercus(栎)和Tsuga(铁杉)等.距今1 200年前左右,该区域的植被发生了一次大的变化,表现在上述优势属种的孢粉在样品总孢粉数的比例突然下降,而Pinus(松),Gramineae(禾本科)以及Dicranopteris(芒萁)等属种的比例则提高了.这次剧烈的植被变化在其中的一个泥炭钻孔中留下了一层粘土记录,它代表了当时流域内植被受破坏后出现的严重土壤侵蚀.从泥炭沉积提取的孢粉记录还可以看出,研究区内广泛分布的松林是一种次生植被,它是人类不断干扰的结果.     

煤矿瓦斯监测系统防雷探析

通过对小型煤矿瓦斯监测系统组成介绍及其遭受雷击原因分析。结合工程实践,对完善煤矿监测系统的雷电防护措施进行探讨。     

宁波地震台ZK03井水温异常与8级及以上地震的关系

通过近5年时间的观测,发现宁波台ZK03井水温测值变化具有一定的规律性。即在没有明显地震活动和干扰背景下,测值呈缓慢平稳趋势性上升,日波动值仅为仪器的短期稳定性值。虽然没有对应本学科认为的预报效能范围内的地震发生,但地球上发生的共6次8级及以上地震前,该井水温测值都有较明显的异常现象出现。除印尼8.7、8.5级地震前可能有中、短、临异常出现外,其它4次都表现为临震异常。异常主要表现形式为脉冲式向上突跳或阶跃式变化,最大异常量可达日均正常上升速率的数倍至数千倍。水温异常出现的可能原因是由于地震前的长周期波通过上地幔或软流层传播,间接地导致了地下流体温度发生了微小的变化,被高精度的测温仪记录下来。