Variations of albedo and spectral reflectance on Qiyi Glacier in Qilian Mountains during the ablation season

Based on the data observed at two sites (site H1, 4,473 m a.s.l., and site H2, 4,696 m a.s.l.) on Qiyi Glacier in Qilian Mountains, China, by automatic weather station and spectral pyranometer during the period of June 9 through September 27, 2006, we investigated the temporal and spatial variations in surface albedo and spectral reflectance on the glacier. At site H1, the daily mean surface albedos fluctuated between 0.233 and 0.866, which were significantly affected by the air temperature on the glacier. It was found that the albedos clearly showed a diurnal cycle with the lowest value at noon at the two observation sites over the study period, and the difference of albedos between the upper site H2 and the lower site H1 also showed diurnal cycle but with the highest value at noon. The reflectance on the glacier was higher in the ultraviolet (0.28-0.4 μm) and visible (0.4-0.76 μm) wavelengths, lower in the near infrared wavelength (0.76-3 μm), which is quite contrary to the spectral reflectance on other ground surfaces. At the two observation sites, the spectral reflectance declined in all wavelengths with the ablation of snow generally. However, it declined drastically in ultraviolet (0.28-0.4 μm) and 0.6-0.7 μm wavelength, and declined less in 0.4-0.5 μm wavelength. On fresh snow surface, the spectral reflectance had the high values of 0.983 and 0.815 in the ultraviolet and visible (0.4-0.76 μm) wavelengths, respectively; but it had a relatively lower value of 0.671 in near infrared (0.76-3 μm) wavelengths. However, on dirty and melting ice surfaces, the reflectance had the very low values of 0.305 and 0.256 in the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, with the lowest value of 0.082 in near infrared wavelengths. The spectral reflectance also showed a diurnal cycle like that of albedo. The diurnal variations of spectral reflectance on snow surface in ultraviolet and visible wavelength changed to a greater degree than that on ice surface. The diurnal variation curves were asymmetrical before and after t     

塔里木灌区膜下滴灌的棉田土壤水盐分布特征

通过膜下滴灌田间试验,研究了塔里木灌区棉田土壤盐分运移特征。结果表明:膜下滴灌的棉田土壤盐分呈Y状垂直分布,膜下土壤盐分含量小于膜间,膜间土壤盐分从表层到深层呈逐渐增减的趋势。随滴灌量增加,膜下土壤盐分峰值位置下移。滴灌量从2 618 m3/hm2增大到4 265m3/hm2,湿润峰位置从40 cm下移至100 cm,盐分峰值位置从30 cm下移至60 cm。滴灌结束后,膜下0~60 cm及0~100 cm土壤平均含盐量均减小。脱盐程度随滴灌量增大而增加,0~60 cm土层脱盐率从6.0%增加到34.8%;而膜间土壤呈积盐状态,积盐程度随滴灌量减小而增大。随滴灌年限增加,0~60 cm的土层平均含盐量逐年增加,从2005年到2007年,4 265、3 926、3 600、3 271m3/hm2灌溉定额下的土壤平均含盐量年均增加了0.4、0.6、1.1、1.1 g/kg。研究结果指出了塔里木灌区现行棉花膜下滴灌制度存在的积盐问题,成果对完善干旱区膜下滴灌灌溉制度具有一定得指导意义。     

Fluvial hydraulics of hyperconcentrated floods in Chinese rivers

Hyperconcentrated floods, with sediment concentrations higher than 200 kg/m³, occur frequently in the Yellow River and its tributaries on the Loess Plateau. This paper studies the fluvial hydraulics of hyperconcentrated floods by statistical analysis and comparison with low sediment concentration floods. The fluvial process induced by hyperconcentrated floods is extremely rapid. The river morphology may be altered more at a faster rate by one hyperconcentrated flood than by low sediment concentration floods over a decade. The vertical sediment concentration distribution in hyperconcentrated floods is homogeneous. The Darcy–Weisbach coefficient of hyperconcentrated floods varies with the Reynolds number in the same way as normal open channel flows but a representative viscosity is used to replace the viscosity, η. If the concentration is not extremely high and the Reynolds number is larger than 2000, the flow is turbulent and the Darcy–Weisbach coefficient for the hyperconcentrated floods is almost the same as low sediment concentration floods. Serious channel erosion, which is referred to as ‘ripping up the bottom’ in Chinese, occurs in narrow‐deep channels during hyperconcentrated floods. However, in wide‐shallow channels, hyperconcentrated floods may result in serious sedimentation. Moreover, a hyperconcentrated flood may cause the channel to become narrower and deeper, thus, reducing the flood stage by more than 1 m if the flood event lasts longer than one day. The fluvial process during hyperconcentrated floods also changes the propagation of flood waves. Successive waves may catch up with and overlap the first wave, thus, increasing the peak discharge of the flood wave during flood propagation along the river course. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

矿井物探技术应用现状与发展展望

通过回顾近六十年来矿井物探的发展历程,简要分析总结了国内外现有的煤矿矿井物探技术的分类与特点、研究现状与应用成果,详细介绍了主要矿井物探方法技术（矿井地震法、矿井电磁法）的研究应用新进展,提出了目前我国矿井物探技术存在的一些迫切需要解决的问题和今后的发展方向.结果表明：矿井物探是地面勘探技术的重要补充,是矿井地质工作的重要手段,它相对于常规的矿井地质手段而言,具有更准确、更快捷、更方便等特点,已成为我国煤矿现代化安全生产中必备的探测技术手段,具有广阔的发展前景.     

印度洋二维碳循环模式中表层CO2分压分布对物理和生化过程的敏感性试验

利用二维印度洋碳循环模式的模拟结果,集中对表层海洋中的CO2分压分布及其控制因子、海洋生物对海气CO2交换的影响、海洋营养物含量的改变和海洋环流的改变对大气CO2浓度的影响等进行了深入的分析和讨论,并与实际的GEOSECS观测数据的分析结果做比较;研究了与表层海洋CO2分压相关的海洋条件,较详细讨论了形成海洋表层CO2源与汇系统的决定因素及其相对重要性,得到了海洋热力因子和海洋环流对海洋表层的CO2化学过程起着决定性作用而生物过程仅处于次要地位的重要结论。此外,还利用建立的海洋碳模式进行了一些有意义的数值试验,详细讨论了海洋的物理化学因子改变对大气CO2浓度的可能影响。       

大气气溶胶的酸化与相对湿度的关系及其对酸雨形成的贡献

从大气气溶胶的微物理结构出发,研究了气溶胶表层膜受大气相对湿度(Hr)的影响发生S(+4)氧化成为硫酸的过程,同时给出了不同湿度条件下污染大气中气溶胶粒子酸化作用的理论分析结果.研究分析表明,气溶胶颗粒表面的水份含量对于成功的氧化过程是一个必不可少的条件.由于周围环境大气相对湿度能够极大地改变气溶胶粒子的水份含量,因而,它也能对气溶胶粒子酸化作用的程度产生影响.研究发现,对于吸湿性气溶胶,在相同的条件下,Hr≤30%的干粒子和Hr≥70%的湿粒子都会经历不同程度的酸化.     

海洋碳循环模式（I）——一个包括海洋动力学环流、化学过程和生物过程的二维碳模式的建立

利用一个全球海洋动力学环流模式所模拟的海洋环流场,建立了一个全面的二维海洋碳循环模式。此模式摒弃了传统箱模式的缺陷,充分考虑了诸如大气与海洋间的碳交换、光合作用和氧化分解、碳酸钙的产生和溶解、悬浮颗粒物的下沉等过程,尤其是在模式中耦合进了以往甚少考虑的海洋生物过程对碳循环的影响,引入了详尽合理的参数化方案。通过模拟发现：在稳定状态下,大气和海洋中总碳含量分布依赖于发生在海洋中的各种物理化学过程及边界条件,水平扩散系数和光合作用常数率对各化学量的分布有很大影响。     

几种消暖云（雾）催化剂性能的实验研究

本文选取了十一种吸湿性物质,对它们的吸湿特性进行了实验研究,对其中一些吸湿性能较好的催化剂开展了云室消雾试验,结果表明,这些物质的吸湿能力及其随相对湿度变化的分布有较大的区别,其饱和状态下的平衡增长率也有较大差异,水泥类物质中,矿渣水泥及普通４２５＾＃Ｋ水泥的吸湿特性与氯化钠类似,氯化钠、氯化铵及矿潭水泥的云室消雾效果较好,但其作用机理可能有所不同。     

纤维水镁石在无机铵盐中的溶解行为研究

纤维水镁石在水中可放出自由基,其在酸性环境中呈现化学活性,在体液环境中有细胞毒性。在水体环境中,它与一切释放出铵离子的物质反应并使自身发生溶解,其机理是可溶性铵盐在溶液中可离解出铵离子并放出质子,而水镁石在水中可电离出羟基。二价铁的存在使氧化还原反应常常伴生,最终形成三价铁铵盐复盐。因此,人体内的可溶性铵盐和体液中存在的铵离子可与水镁石粉尘作用并使之部分溶解。粒度增大和温度升高有利于镁元素在平衡体     

纤蛇纹石石棉的纳米效应与生物活性

本文首次从纳米材料与纳米效应角度出发讨论了纤蛇纹石石棉的形态、表面结构、表面性质与生物活性的关系。结果表明,纤蛇纹石石棉属自然界产出的一种特殊的一维纳米丝状矿物,在形态、结构和表现性质等方面表现出纳米材料所具有一般特性,其中,形态上一寸及高表面化学活性构成了它的生物活性特征。纤蛇纹石石棉纤维对动物的危害,既具有一般纤维的危害性,又具有非晶质ＳｉＯ２的危害性。由于纤维的小尺寸效应和高表面活性而使生物