Numerical estimation of REV and permeability tensor for fractured rock masses by composite element method

The Monte Carlo method is used to generate parent stochastic discrete fracture network, from which a series of fractured rock samples of different sizes and orientations are extracted. The fracture network combined with a regular grid forms composite element mesh of the fractured rock sample, in which each composite element is composed of sub‐elements incised by fracture segments. The composite element method (CEM) for the seepage is implemented to obtain the nodal hydraulic potential as well as the seepage flow rates through the fractured rock samples. The application of CEM enables a large quantity of stochastic tests for the fractured rock samples because the pre‐process is facilitated greatly. By changing the sizes and orientations of the samples, the analysis of the seepage characteristics is realized to evaluate the variation of the permeability components, the existence of the permeability tensor and the representative element volume. The feasibility and effectiveness are illustrated in a numerical example. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biaxial test simulations using a packing of polygonal particles

The mechanical response of cohesionless granular materials under monotonic loading is studied by performing molecular dynamic simulations. The diversity of shapes of soil grains is modelled by using randomly generated convex polygons as granular particles. Results of the biaxial test obtained for dense and loose media show that samples achieve the same void ratio at large strains independent of their initial density state. This limit state resembles the so‐called critical state of soil mechanics, except for some stress fluctuations, which remain for large deformations. These fluctuations are studied at the micro‐mechanical level, by following the evolution of the co‐ordination number, force chains and the fraction of the sliding contacts of the sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flexural isostatic response of the Alps to increased Quaternary erosion recorded by foreland basin remnants,SE France

We test the hypothesis that flexural isostatic compensation of the mass removed by enhanced Quaternary erosion is responsible for uplift of the Western European Alps and their forelands. We use two well‐preserved and well‐dated (1.8 Ma) abandonment surfaces of foreland basin remnants in SE France (the Chambaran and Valensole plateaux) as passive benchmarks for tilting of the foreland. Estimating their initial slope from morphometric scaling relationships, we determine bulk post‐depositional tilting of 0.5–0.8% for these surfaces. The calculated isostatic response of the Alpine lithosphere to erosional unloading, using the method recently proposed by Champagnac et al. [Geology 35 (2007) 195–198] , yields a predicted tilting of 0.3–0.4% in the considered areas, explaining approximately half of the determined post‐depositional tilting. Such long‐term deformation being insensitive to cyclic loading/unloading because of glaciations, we suspect the other half to be related to as yet undetermined long‐wavelength and long‐lived tectonic process(es).     

鲁中南隆起区第四纪晚期断裂活动特征

根据野外调查，并综合前人的研究资料，对鲁中南地区第四纪晚期断裂活动进行了分析，研究表明，鲁中南隆起区第四纪断裂活动具有时空不均匀性，主要表现为第四纪时期断层活动强度变化和断裂活动的群集性以及第四纪晚期断裂活动段分布的局限性上。对于鲁中南地区而言，活动断层可以分为中更新世中期（500kaBP)至晚更新世初期（90kaBP)活断层和晚更新世中、晚期至全新世早期活断层两类；其中前一类（主要是中更新世断裂）断裂数量较多，分布较为广泛，而晚更新世晚期以来的活动断裂段的数量较少，分布较局限。它们对地震的控制能力不同，前者可控制5．5级左右的地震，而后一类可控制6－7级地震的发生。     

南海大鹏湾夜光藻种群在其生态群落中的地位和功能

分析了１９９１年上半年南海大鹏湾盐田水域夜光菏和浮游动、植物之间的种群动态关系，结果表明，在春季高峰期３月至５月初，调查海域共出现１２个夜光藻和浮游动、植物高峰。其中，以发生４次赤潮的夜光藻种群占主导地位，其次是枝角类的鸟啄尖头蚤，其最高数量高达９６２３８ｉｎｄ／ｍ＾３。相比之下，在夜光藻和枝角类岛啄尖头捕食压力的影响下，浮游植物的春季高峰并不显著。调查结果表明夜光藻的过度繁殖，不但对产浮游性卵的     

在各类天气系统影响下石臼港沿岸波浪场的分布

本文查阅了从１９７３－１９８５，１３年的历史资料，对石臼港沿岸波浪场进行了详细的分类、统计分析和计算，提出了各类较强天气系统影响石（即指石臼港）的极端区域，同时获得了石港沿岸各类天气系统影响下的波浪分布特点以及波高计算式，为保障石港的生产及港口建设为石港的波了提供了有益的分析数据和预报手段。     

15N示踪-离子质谱法测定新生产力的研究

本文提出了~(15)N示踪-离子质谱法实测新生产力的方法,并于1991年11月—1992年5月结合胶州湾现场调查的实际样品,对示踪剂量、培养时间、样品贮存、消解剂量和时间、铵离子的扩散吸收,以及方法的空白值、检出限、精密度和准确度等进行了实验研究。结果表明,该法具有较高的精密度和良好的准确度,与经典的气体质谱法相比,还具有进样量少以及可同时分析~(15)N丰度、总氮浓度和水中铵离子浓度等特点,对于含氮量极低、铵氮再生迅速的海洋环境中新生产力的研究,具有特殊的意义。     

中国近海牡蛎超科的新纪录

中国近海牡蛎的研究始于1845年, Hanley(1845)描述了产于中国近海的新种 Ostrea chemnitzi sp.nov.。我国的张玺教投也在30年代开始进行研究,1956年报道了13种牡蛎,在这之前国内、外学者已先后报道了24种和1亚种(张玺等,1956)其中有很多种鉴定错误,或是同物异名。近年来通过海洋底栖生物调查和附着生物的研究,作者又发现了4种牡蛎，它们是:新硬牡蛎 Neopycnodonte cochlear (Poli),侏儒牡蛎 Nanostrea erigua Harry,褶牡蛎 Alectryonella plicatula ( Gmelin) 和日本巨牡蛎 Crassostrea nippona (Seki),在中国近海都是首次记录。     

海洋石油管道单点提升分析

基于管道微单元体平衡建立了海管单点提升的非线性力学模型的控制微分方程组 ,使用变弧长的无量纲代换将动边界问题化为固定边界的两点边值问题 ,利用Maple环境下编制的两点边值问题的打靶法程序得到了该问题在各个提升阶段的数值解答和在单点提升过程中管道的极限弯矩约为 0 .71q1 3(EI) 2 3。     

南极冰退与深圳湾北岸海平面变化的地质记录

南极冰层的冰量为２４．５×１０６ｋｍ３，占地球总冰量的９０％以上，南极冰川进退控制着全球海平面变化和气候波动。酉部南极乔治王岛第四纪冰碛与湖积剖面记录了近１２０００ａ来南极曾于距今１１０００ａ，９０００ａ和６１００ａ出现过３次快速的冰消过程，近６０００ａ来是一小幅度冷暖交替的气候波动过程。深圳湾北岸潮间带堆积是在近６０００ａ以来发育的，堆积物的环境记录表明，海平面呈周期性升降变化，波动周期平均为６７０ａ，低海面时期发生于距今５５００—４９００ａ，３９００—３６００ａ，２４００—２２００ａ和１３００—１２００ａ。相邻低海面间则是海面上升时期，每一升降周期的海平面变化幅度为８０ｃｍ左右，近１００ａ的现代增温，海平面处于上升阶段，上升速率为２—３ｍｍ·ａ（－１）。