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481.
M. A. Barstow M. R. Burleigh N. J. Bannister J. S. Lapington M. P. Kowalski R. G. Cruddace K. S. Wood F. Auchere M. F. Bode G. E. Bromage B. Gibson A. C. Cameron A. Cassatella F. Delmotte M.-F. Ravet J. G. Doyle C. S. Jeffery B. Gaensicke C. Jordan N. Kappelmann K. Werner R. Lallement D. de Martino S. A. Matthews K. J. H. Phillips G. Del Zanna M. Orio E. Pace I. Pagano J. H. M. M. Schmitt B. Y. Welsh 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2009,320(1-3):231-238
This paper describes a proposed high resolution soft X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopy mission to carry out a survey of Stellar and Galactic Environments (SAGE). The payload is based on novel diffraction grating technology which has already been proven in a sub-orbital space mission and which is ready to fly on a satellite platform with minimal development. Much of the technical detail of the instrumentation has been reported elsewhere and we concentrate our discussion here on the scientific goals of a SAGE base-line mission, demonstrating the scientific importance of high resolution spectroscopy in the Extreme Ultraviolet for the study of stars and the local interstellar medium. 相似文献
482.
J. N. McCallum S. P. Ellingsen J. E. J. Lovell C. J. Phillips J. E. Reynolds 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,392(4):1339-1362
We have used the Long Baseline Array to observe the Circinus Galaxy H2 O megamasers on two epochs separated by 49 d. The masers were observed to be highly variable, consistent with previous studies. We observe rapid variations in the linewidth and central velocity of the maser's spectral profile. The characteristics of these spectral variations suggest that the masers have an anisotropic structure, with axial ratios ≲5, and display velocity gradients in their microarcsecond structure. We also find a strong anticorrelation between the linewidth and the modulation index of the maser features and a relationship between the modulation index and characteristic time-scale of the variations. These various phenomena can all be simply explained through a model where the rapid variations in the masers are produced by quenched diffractive scintillation in the presence of modest velocity gradients in the maser emission.
The very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images are consistent with previous high-resolution observations and show maser emission arising both in a circumnuclear accretion disc, and in a low-velocity outflow. We find no systematic differences in the variability properties of the disc and outflow masers. The VLBI images reveal that there is considerable spectral blending in single-dish spectra of the Circinus megamasers.
In addition to the VLBI imaging we also used these observations to look for a time delay in the intensity variations observed at the different telescopes in the array, as expected for scintillation-induced variability. No time delay was detected, which allows us to place a lower limit on the velocity of the interstellar medium during these observations 22 km s−1 for the second epoch. We conclude that any future attempts to measure a time delay in this source should utilize intercontinental baselines to increase the chances of success. 相似文献
The very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images are consistent with previous high-resolution observations and show maser emission arising both in a circumnuclear accretion disc, and in a low-velocity outflow. We find no systematic differences in the variability properties of the disc and outflow masers. The VLBI images reveal that there is considerable spectral blending in single-dish spectra of the Circinus megamasers.
In addition to the VLBI imaging we also used these observations to look for a time delay in the intensity variations observed at the different telescopes in the array, as expected for scintillation-induced variability. No time delay was detected, which allows us to place a lower limit on the velocity of the interstellar medium during these observations 22 km s
483.
484.
The kinetics of oxygen exchange between the GeO4Al12(OH)24(OH2)12(aq) molecule and aqueous solutions
Alasdair P. LeeBrian L. Phillips William H. Casey 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2002,66(4):577-587
We report rates of oxygen exchange with bulk solution for an aqueous complex, IVGeO4Al12(OH)24(OH2)128+(aq) (GeAl12), that is similar in structure to both the IVAlO4Al12(OH)24(OH2)127+(aq) (Al13) and IVGaO4Al12(OH)24(OH2)127+(aq) (GaAl12) molecules studied previously. All of these molecules have ε-Keggin-like structures, but in the GeAl12 molecule, occupancy of the central tetrahedral metal site by Ge(IV) results in a molecular charge of +8, rather than +7, as in the Al13 and GaAl12. Rates of exchange between oxygen sites in this molecule and bulk solution were measured over a temperature range of 274.5 to 289.5 K and 2.95 < pH < 4.58 using 17O-NMR.Apparent rate parameters for exchange of the bound water molecules (η-OH2) are kex298 = 200 (±100) s−1, ΔH‡ = 46 (±8) kJ · mol−1, and ΔS‡ = −46 (±24) J · mol−1 K−1 and are similar to those we measured previously for the GaAl12 and Al13 complexes. In contrast to the Al13 and GaAl12 molecules, we observe a small but significant pH dependence on rates of solvolysis that is not yet fully constrained and that indicates a contribution from the partly deprotonated GeAl12 species.The two topologically distinct μ2-OH sites in the GeAl12 molecule exchange at greatly differing rates. The more labile set of μ2-OH sites in the GeAl12 molecule exchange at a rate that is faster than can be measured by the 17O-NMR isotopic-equilibration technique. The second set of μ2-OH sites have rate parameters of kex298 = 6.6 (±0.2) · 10−4 s−1, ΔH‡ = 82 (±2) kJ · mol−1, and ΔS‡ = −29 (±7) J · mol−1 · K−1, corresponding to exchanges ≈40 and ≈1550 times, respectively, more rapid than the less labile μ2-OH sites in the Al13 and GaAl12 molecules. We find evidence of nearly first-order pH dependence on the rate of exchange of this μ2-OH site with bulk solution for the GeAl12 molecule, which contrasts with Al13 and GaAl12 molecules. 相似文献
485.
We present near infrared maps of the planetary nebula IC 418 taken at 5 arc sec spatial resolution. These show an extremely compact source structure at 1.65 m, and very much broader and more elliptical emission distributions at 2.2 and 3.6 m. The possibility that the near infrared continuum derives from small grains with low thermal capacity is discussed, and synthetic spectra are derived. These indicate a very much slower variation of flux with wavelength than would be deduced for grains at unitary temperature, and imply a near infrared continuum which is significantly cooler than maximum grain temperatures. Fits to the spectrum of IC 418 suggest that peak grain temperatures may approachT
p0103 K (for –2), for instance, compared to the observed colour temperature of 650 K.Finally, the relevant grains are required to be refractory and, given the large C/O ratio in this nebula, probably consist of graphite. Their mass is also required to be small, and is probably of order 2×10–7
M
. This compares with the probable total mass for large dust grains of 10–4
M
. Although they are both small and warm, such grains would be expected to persist over the lifetime of the nebula, and may also be responsible for various NIR band emission features. 相似文献
486.
Influence of sample manipulation on contaminant flux and toxicity at the sediment-water interface 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anderson BS Hunt JW Phillips BM Fairey R Puckett HM Stephenson M Taberski K Newman J Tjeerdema RS 《Marine environmental research》2001,51(3):191-211
Toxicities of sediments from San Diego and San Francisco Bays were compared in laboratory experiments using sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) embryos exposed to pore water and at the sediment-water interface (SWI). Toxicity was consistently greater to embryos exposed at the SWI to intact (unhomogenized) sediment samples relative to homogenized samples. Measurement of selected trace metals indicated considerably greater fluxes of copper, zinc, and cadmium into overlying waters of intact sediment samples. Inhibition of sea urchin embryo development was generally greater in sediment pore waters relative to SWI exposures. Pore water toxicity may have been due to elevated unionized ammonia concentrations in some samples. The results indicate that invertebrate embryos are amenable to SWI exposures, a more ecologically relevant exposure system, and that sediment homogenization may create artifacts in laboratory toxicity experiments. 相似文献
487.
The International Geographical Union Reports
IGU Commission on Coastal Systems 相似文献488.
The International Geographical Union Reports
IGU Commission on geographic information systems 相似文献489.
We have conducted a spectral line survey of IRC +10216 using the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory to an average sensitivity of < or approximately 95 mK. A deconvolution algorithm has been used to derive the continuous single-sideband spectrum from 330.2 to 358.1 GHz. A total of 56 spectral lines were detected of which 54 have been identified with 8 molecules and a total of 18 isotopomers. The observed lines are used to derive column densities and relative abundances for the detected species. Within this frequency range the spectral lines detected contribute the majority of the total flux emitted by IRC +10216. We use the derived column densities and excitation temperatures to simulate the molecular line emission (assuming LTE) at frequencies up to 1000 GHz. The observed and simulated flux from line emission is compared to broadband total flux measurements and to dust emission assuming a power-law variation of the dust emissivity. We conclude that significant corrections for the line flux must be made to broadband flux measurements of IRC +10216 at wavelengths longer than approximately 750 micrometers. 相似文献
490.
J. L. Culhane E. Hiei G. A. Doschek A. M. Cruise Y. Ogawara Y. Uchida R. D. Bentley C. M. Brown J. Lang T. Watanabe J. A. Bowles R. D. Deslattes U. Feldman A. Fludra P. Guttridge A. Henins J. Lapington J. Magraw J. T. Mariska J. Payne K. J. H. Phillips P. Sheather K. Slater K. Tanaka E. Towndrow M. W. Trow A. Yamaguchi 《Solar physics》1991,136(1):89-104
The Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS) is one of the instruments which makes up the scientific payload of the SOLAR-A mission. The spectrometer employs four bent germanium crystals, views the whole Sun and observes the resonance line complexes of H-like Fexxvi and He-like Fexxv, Caxix, and Sxv in four narrow wavelength ranges with a resolving power (/) of between 3000 and 6000. The spectrometer has approaching ten times better sensitivity than that of previous instruments thus permitting a time resolution of better than 1 s to be achieved. The principal aim is the measurement of the properties of the 10 to 50 million K plasma created in solar flares with special emphasis on the heating and dynamics of the plasma during the impulsive phase. This paper summarizes the scientific objectives of the BCS and describes the design, characteristics, and performance of the spectrometers.After the launch the name of SOLAR-A has been changed to YOHKOH.Tragically Professor K. Tanaka died on January 2, 1990. 相似文献