Variszische duktile Tektonik im Böhmischen Massiv

Zusammenfassung Die Verformungsanalyse und Richtungsverteilung der Streckungslineationen in den duktilen Bereichen des Böhmischen Massiv zusammen genommen mit der Lage der Foliationsflächen deuten darauf hin, daß die Blattverschiebungen während der variszischen Deformation die entscheidende Rolle gespielt haben. Die Kompatibilität der Deformation im Gesamtbereich wurde durch Überschiebungen und Transpression in den durch die Blattverschiebungen begrenzten Blöcke erreicht. Das variszische Tektogen wurde als Blattverschiebungsorogen auf einer kontinentalen oberproterozoischen Kruste angelegt. Die Zonen mit intensiver Krustenverkürzung und damit größter Krustenmächtigkeit sind durch weiträumige Anatexis und granitische Intrusionen gekennzeichnet.

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The strain analysis and synthesis of the orientation distribution of stretching lineations and of foliations in the ductile domains of the Bohemian Massif reveals the prominent role of the strike-slip tectonics in the Variscan orogeny. The compatibility of the deformation in the whole area was reached through the thrusting and transpression and/or transtension within the blocks divided by the ductile strikeslips. The Variscides of the Bohemian Massif were superposed on the Upper Proterozoic crust. The zones of the largest crustal shortening and of the greatest crustal thickness are characterised by the extensive anatexis and granite intrusions.

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Résumé L'analyse des déformations finies et la répartition des linéations d'étirement et des surfaces de foliation dans le Massif de Bohème révèlent le rôle important joué par les mouvements de décrochement dans le développement tectonique varisque. La compatibilité des déformations dans l'ensemble du domaine a été realisée par des chevauchements au sein des blocs délimités par les décrochements. Le tectogène varisque dans le massif de Bohème s'est superposé à une croûte continentale héritée du Protérozoïque supérieur. Les zones d'intense raccourcissement et par conséquent d'intense épaississement crustal sont caractérisées par une anatexie importante et contiennent les plus grands plutons granitiques.

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Anomalous induction in the Carpathians

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A substantial part of this paper was presented at the IAGA symposium Relations between External and Internal Magnetic Variations, XVI. IUGG General Assembly, August–September 1975, Grenoble.     

Geometrical aspects of differential GPS positioning

Differential GPS positioning is considered from the purely geometric point of view. The tetrahedron formed by two ground stations and two satellite locations is the basic geometrical building block for differential satellite positioning. Relationships between the various vectors involved in this tetrahedron are described. These relationships are used to develop linear mathematical models which relate the vector baseline between the two ground stations to various kinds of differential GPS observations. Geometrically, all proposed observation types can be considered as either differential range observations or differential range difference observations. In the absence of instrumental and refraction effects, it is found that differential range observations are geometrically superior to differential range difference observations. Some implications of these geometrical considerations to practical differential GPS positioning are discussed.     

Reviews

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Les formes différentielles extérieures dans la géodésie II: Courbure moyenne

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Flood Events of Selected European Rivers in the Sixteenth Century

The severity and frequency of sixteenth-century floods of the Rhine, the Main, the middle and upper Elbe with its tributaries, rivers of northern and central Italy, the Garonne and rivers in Catalonia and Andalusia are analyzed using documentary evidence. The basic topographical and hydrological characteristics of the rivers investigated as well as the synoptic causes of their flooding during the instrumental period are presented. Different examples of modifications of the run-off process due to anthropogenic activity are discussed. Prevalence in flood occurrence during the second half of the sixteenth century in comparison to the first half is typical for central European and Andalusian rivers (mainly in the 1560s and 1590s) and agrees with the evolution of precipitation patterns. On the other hand, Italian and Catalonian rivers, in part, had a higher occurrence of floods during the first half of the century. Changes in the flooding seasons in both halves of the century are not unambiguous. Results of an analysis on a broader European scale show floods to be a random natural phenomena with limited areal extent defined by the spatial influence of forcing meteorological factors (continuous heavy rains, sudden melting of thick snow cover, etc.). Despite some limitations of documentary evidence, series of reconstructed historical floods are valuable sources of proxy data which can be utilized for the study of the flooding fluctuations in the pre-instrumental period.