顾及波浪影响和深度约束的水下控制网点绝对坐标的精确确定

为解决传统海底控制网点绝对坐标确定费时费力、垂直解精度不高的问题,提出一种顾及波浪影响和深度约束的水下控制网点绝对坐标精确确定方法。首先,开展了波浪影响研究,提出水下控制网点间高差确定方法以及利用该高差和GNSS垂直解的网点绝对高程确定方法。在此基础上,提出附加深度约束的圆走航单点绝对三维基准传递法、深度约束的二维自由网平差法及联合点间高精度深度差的组合约束平差法和三维联合约束平差法。最后对提出的方法进行验证。该方法可提高作业效率,将传统方法高程确定精度提高了1个量级。     

Ancient Forests in European drylands: Holocene palaeoecological record of Mazarrón,south-eastern Spain

This paper presents a new Holocene palaeoecological record from coastal south-eastern Spain, a region characterised by high plant species diversity, varied physiography, high risk of desertification, and a history of human pressure on the landscape that stretches to antiquity. The pollen sequence shows four main vegetation phases: the first characterised by mixed forests of Pinus and evergreen Quercus accompanied by broad-leaved mesophilous trees, and a diversity of Mediterranean scrub; the second phase is characterised by mesophytic decline and expansion of Artemisia; a third, mid-Holocene phase of thermo-mesophytic maxima with prevalence of forested landscapes; and, finally, the progressive opening of the landscape with sparse pines, halo-xerophytic grasslands and sclerophyllous brushwood. The current treeless situation of south-eastern Spain is a relatively recent feature resulting from a dramatic change in the ecological structure of the regional landscapes. This paper stresses the continued vulnerability of these arid systems in the face of a changing climate. This sequence adds to previous palaeobotanical records (pollen and charcoal) and archaeological reports to suggest that deforestation started earlier in low-elevation areas and river basins than in the inland mountains and platforms, a factor that appears in connection to human exploitation of the natural environment.     

Study on evolutionary characteristics of toppling deformation of reverse-dip layered rock slope based on surface displacement monitoring data

In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics of reverse-dip slope toppling is conducted by taking the Xiaodongcao slope as an example. First, a spatial partitioning analysis of toppling deformation is performed based on the field reconnaissance and interpretation of engineering geological data. Then, the variations of toppling deformation in time domain are analyzed for different areas of the slope with monitored data of surface displacement. Finally, the isochrones of toppling displacement evolution are constructed by using inverse distance weighted interpolation of surface monitoring data at discrete locations. The results presented in the study have shown that: (1) the displacement at the rear of the slope is dominated by vertical deformation, whereas the horizontal deformation is predominant at the slope front which also controls the overall deformation of the bank slope; (2) the overall evolution of slope deformation is dominated by the strip area at the center of the slope. In particular, the overall deformation of the slope lags behind the central region, and the displacement in this strip area could trigger an overall displacement of the bank slope. It is thus inferred that the stripe area serves as the locked segment for the toppling deformation of the slope.     

骆马湖汛期分阶段限制水位分析研究

针对江苏省淮北地区水资源严重不足的状况,研究了淮北地区重要灌溉水源之一骆马湖所在区域的历年汛期降雨以及上游来水的规律,将骆马湖汛期划分为5个阶段,除了洪水高发期的7月11日~8月15日外,对其他四个阶段推求了频率为10%、5%、2%的入湖设计洪水,并以不同起调水位进行骆马湖调洪演算,提出了在保证洪水安全的前提下各阶段汛限水位方案,可作为汛期骆马湖水位控制调度的参考,以进一步提高洪水资源利用率。     

中国高岭土矿成矿地质特征与资源潜力评价

[研究目的]本文主要对中国高岭土矿开展资源潜力定量评价,指导后期勘查找矿与开发.[研究方法]首先是对中国高岭土矿成矿规律进行研究,按地质成因中国高岭土矿可以分为3种类型:风化型、热液蚀变型和沉积型.然后对中国高岭土矿划分预测类型、总结成矿模式、归纳预测要素,最后对高岭土矿远景区进行划分并估算资源潜力.[研究结果]风化型...     

ADCP盲区流速最优推算模型自适应确定方法研究

根据3种经典垂线流速分布模型,推导出适合ADCP盲区流速计算的局部模型,并基于模型内符合精度及其与实际观测垂线流速的相关系数,提出了根据不同时态和流态自适应确定盲区流速模型的思想和方法。实验验证了所推导的盲区流速计算模型的正确性,以及盲区流速最优推算模型自适应确定思想和方法的有效性和可靠性。     

不同土地利用类型下土壤碳酸酐酶剖面分异特征研究

利用pH计法来研究西南岩溶区4类土地利用类型11个样地20cm、40cm和60cm土层碳酸酐酶(Carbonic Anhydrase,CA)的剖面分异特征,并与非岩溶样地进行对比。结果表明:西南岩溶区不同土地利用类型不同土层的CA活性存在较大差异。在林地中,40cm和60cm土层的CA活性明显高于20cm土层;而在乔灌丛、灌丛和耕地中,土壤CA活性表现出60cm土层处最高,20cm土层处最低,并与弃耕地不同土壤层CA活性变化趋势截然相反,这是因为弃耕地受人类活动干扰导致土壤CA活性出现逆转。进一步分析还可以看出林地、乔灌丛、灌丛和耕地4种土地利用类型下土壤CA活性总体呈现出随植物根系深度增加而增加的变化趋势,从而说明土地利用类型是导致土壤碳酸酐酶剖面产生分异的主要因素,并为进一步研究土壤CA在自然界碳酸盐岩风化过程中的作用提供了科学依据。     

弱动力浅海中的悬沙输运机制:以天津港附近海域为例

根据在天津港附近海域获取的水动力和浊度数据,分析了悬沙输运特征和输运机制,结果表明:天津港附近海域受不规则半日潮控制呈低流态往复流特征,但涨潮流强于落潮流;涨潮期间底部悬沙浓度与垂线平均流速呈显著线性相关,存在显著的再悬浮作用;潮周期内的悬沙输运呈典型的不对称特征,形成向岸的净输运趋势。输运机制分析结果显示:潮泵效应(尤其是潮汐捕捉效应)是天津港附近海域悬沙输运的主要贡献项,其次是拉格朗日平流输运项,前者比后者高一个量级;垂向剪切作用最小。涨落潮期间流速与悬沙浓度的显著不对称是造成潮汐捕捉效应占主导的基本条件。在潮下带这种悬沙输运格局可能和潮间带发生的细颗粒沉积物捕集(堆积)作用有关。     

1981～2015年华北地区持续霾事件的特征及其环流分类研究

根据1981～2015年华北地区地面基本气象要素定时值数据集和地面气候日值数据集站点资料,分别利用14时实测值法和目标区域极端事件的客观识别方法挑选霾日数和持续霾事件,并分析了它们的特征;,然后对持续霾事件进行了分类研究。结果表明:（1）华北地区霾日数空间分布极不均匀,有4个大值区:吕梁山和太行山之间的河谷地区、沿太行山以东的平原、河南北部、环黄海和渤海地区。（2）华北地区共挑选出111个持续霾事件,其中,持续3～5 d的事件最多,占了总数的86.5%,最长的事件可达12 d。（3）持续霾事件和霾日数的空间分布特征相似,且存在明显的年、季变化。1981～2015年持续霾事件数呈增加趋势,冬季增加最显著,其次是秋季和春季,夏季最少。（4）结合地形、霾日数、持续霾事件的分布和环流特征把持续霾事件分为7类,对发生频次较多的4类（华北地区型,河南北部及太行山以东的平原型,河南北部型,河南北部及环渤海、黄海地区型）的环流进行了对比分析。其环流形势的主要特征包括:对流层的中低层华北地区为纬向西风气流或脊前西北气流,我国南部或东南部地区高压西部的西南气流与华北地区的偏西气流产生弱辐合下沉气流;近地面层由于地形的影响形成垂直环流圈,霾最严重的地区一般出现在地形的东坡和垂直环流圈的下沉支。近地面东南气流和低层的西南气流向该地区输送了暖湿空气和污染物。华北地区霾发生位置的不同,主要由低层我国东部或者南部高压的位置和强度,以及局地垂直环流的下沉支的位置决定。这些研究结果可以为华北地区持续性霾的防控提供参考。     

Current models of the observable consequences of cosmic reionization and their detectability

A number of large current experiments aim to detect the signatures of the cosmic reionization at redshifts z > 6. Their success depends crucially on understanding the character of the reionization process and its observable consequences and designing the best strategies to use. We use large-scale simulations of cosmic reionization to evaluate the reionization signatures at redshifted 21-cm and small-scale cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies in the best current model for the background universe, with fundamental cosmological parameters given by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe three-year results. We find that the optimal frequency range for observing the 'global step' of the 21-cm emission is 120–150 MHz, while statistical studies should aim at 140–160 MHz, observable by GMRT. Some strongly non-Gaussian brightness features should be detectable at frequencies up to ∼190 MHz. In terms of sensitivity-signal trade-off relatively low resolutions, corresponding to beams of at least a few arcminutes, are preferable. The CMB anisotropy signal from the kinetic Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect from reionized patches peaks at tens of μK at arcminute scales and has an rms of ∼1 μK, and should be observable by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and the South Pole Telescope. We discuss the various observational issues and the uncertainties involved, mostly related to the poorly known reionization parameters and, to a lesser extend, to the uncertainties in the background cosmology.