Mini SAR影像的定向参数计算方法分析

首先分析对比了国产小型IMU/GPS组合导航获取的小POS数据特点,因仪器精度有限引起的测量误差无法在成像过程中消除,相位误差导致了Mini SAR影像中部分目标成像出现方位向散焦、模糊,导致目标像点坐标出现误差。将传统定向参数计算方法用于Mini SAR单幅影像定位时,地面控制点数量、像点坐标、定向参数误差向量的限差、地形特征、DEM分辨率及POS数据精度等因素都会影响定位结果。当对定位精度要求不高时,多项式插值POS数据获取的天线相位中心的空间位置、速度比拟合更准确。     

德兴斑岩铜矿田黄铁矿Re-Os同位素定年及其地质意义

德兴斑岩铜矿田是中国东部最大的斑岩铜矿系统,一直以来,德兴铜矿的成矿过程和成因机制都是矿床学家关注的热点问题。前人在德兴铜矿的围岩蚀变、矿化期次、流体特征、成岩年代等方面取得了较为一致的认识,但其成矿时代仍争议较大。文章首次对矿田内与黄铜矿密切共生的黄铁矿进行了Re-Os同位素定年,10件样品中的4件w(Re)极低,模式年龄变化范围大,且误差较大,故不对其进行讨论;其余6件的w(Re)为10.58×10~(-9)～102.59×10~(-9),普通w(Os)较低(0.0054×10~(-9)～0.0113×10~(-9)),w(~(187)Os)较高(0.019×10~(-9)～0.177×10~(-9)),Re/Os比值较高(4406～73 422),为低含量高放射性Os成因硫化物。研究获得黄铁矿Re-Os同位素加权平均模式年龄为(165.3±2.3)Ma(MSWD=1.04)。因此,德兴铜矿的铜成矿年龄为中侏罗世,综合前人资料,德兴铜矿最可能形成于古太平洋板块俯冲的远程效应影响下的陆内伸展的地质背景,为陆内环境斑岩铜矿。     

Carbon steel slag and stainless steel slag for removal of arsenic from stimulant and real groundwater

Arsenic in groundwater is a serious environmental problem. The contamination of groundwater with arsenic has been of utmost concern worldwide. Steel slag is a solid waste generated from steel production. Although steel slags have been used for arsenic removal from water, this process has not been systematically or integratively researched. In this study, the arsenic removal capacity and mechanism were investigated for carbon steel slag, stainless steel slag and Fe-modified stainless steel slag based on an in-depth study. The study also evaluated the potential utilization of different steel slag for regeneration. The maximum adsorption of arsenic on carbon steel slag, stainless steel slag and Fe-modified stainless steel slag was 12.20, 3.17 and 12.82 mg g^?1 at 25 °C, respectively. The modification of stainless steel slag by FeC1₃ can generate more pore structures and larger surface areas, and 300 °C treatment produces the best regeneration efficiency. The ΔG values were negative for all of the steel slags, indicating the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. The solution pH was a critical parameter for the removal of arsenic for steel slags. Under highly alkaline solution conditions, the mechanism of arsenic removal by carbon steel slag and stainless steel slag can be attributed to chemisorption, including chemical precipitation and coordination reactions, and under weakly alkaline solution conditions, electrostatic interaction and specific adsorption are the arsenic removal mechanisms by Fe-modified stainless steel slag. Regeneration of the Fe-modified stainless steel slag was better achieved than that of the other steel slags in the application of high-temperature treatment.     

“秦岭-大别-苏鲁”造山带中“古特提斯缝合带”的连接

中国大陆西北部的"古特提斯缝合带"如何与东面的"秦岭-大别-苏鲁"造山带连接,是涉及中国大陆中部构造格架的关键问题之一。南秦岭造山带中的古特提斯蛇绿岩带和东秦岭-桐柏-大别-苏鲁造山带中三叠纪高压-超高压变质带的对比,以及一条位于两者之间的220~204 Ma的大型左行走滑剪切带的存在,提供了它们之间关系的新的视角,为此,我们提出南秦岭的勉略蛇绿岩带向东通过宁陕-湘河大型左行走滑剪切带,和大陆俯冲与深俯冲造成的"耀岭河-桐柏-大别-苏鲁"高压—超高压变质带北缘连接,构成"秦岭-大别-苏鲁"造山带中的古特提斯缝合带新模式。沿着这条边界,南秦岭构造单元可以分为南部的南秦岭被动陆缘单元和北部的南秦岭主动陆缘单元,后者向东的延伸由于南、北板块之间三叠纪的剪切碰撞而尖灭。     

江西大吉山钨多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

大吉山钨矿床是赣南地区的一个大型钨多金属矿床,由石英脉型钨矿体和花岗岩浸染型钨、钽、铌、铍矿体构成.在详细的岩相学观察的基础上,文章采用“流体包裹体组合”法,对石英脉型矿体和花岗岩浸染型矿体石英中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温和拉曼探针分析.研究表明,与石英脉型矿体成矿相关的流体为中-高温、中-低盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2-CH4±N2体系,与花岗岩浸染型矿体成矿相关的流体为高温、中-低盐度的NaCl-H2O±CO2±CH4体系,两者流体的性质不同.笔者认为,在流体体系冷却过程中,所发生的以CO2逸失为特征的流体不混溶作用是石英脉型矿体的主要形成机制,而花岗岩浸染型矿体中金属元素的沉淀则主要由流体体系的冷却作用所致,这两类矿体的成矿流体的来源可能不同.     

巴颜喀拉块体强震动力学过程数值模拟

以青藏高原为目标采用弹性体本构关系, 模拟印度板块持续向北推进、 挤压对巴颜喀拉块体及邻区的影响. 通过降低强震发生位置处单元弹性模量的方法, 模拟1900年以来发生在巴颜喀拉块体及周缘M_S≥7.0强震, 计算序列中前面地震对后续强震的影响. 模拟结果表明: ① 巴颜喀拉块体背景场应力水平大致与块体西部等效应力同等大小, 自西向东逐渐递减, 巴颜喀拉块体西部和中部等效应力从南向北逐渐递减, 东部地区等效应力比较低; ② 模拟的14次地震序列中, 有8次发生在前面强震所引起的等效应力增大的区域内, 2次发生在等效应力增大和减小的过渡区域内, 3次发生在等效应力减小的区域内; ③ 从强震序列所引起的应力相互作用看, 历史地震对1970年以来发生的地震影响结果为: 历史地震加速了1973年亦基台错、 1997年玛尼和2001年昆仑山口西地震的发生, 昆仑山口西地震对汶川地震的影响较小, 汶川地震对玉树地震的发生不具有加速触发作用.      

潜在锁固型滑坡的类型、形成条件和预判方法研究

已有研究表明滑动是大型灾难性滑坡最常见的失稳机制类型,且滑动过程中一般都伴随滑动面上锁固段(承受应力集中,提供关键承载作用的部位)的应力集中和脆性破坏,其强度和变形决定着边坡的整体稳定性,作者将此类滑坡统称为锁固型滑坡。本文通过分析研究我国36个大型典型灾难性滑坡实例,首次归纳总结了锁固性滑坡的类型和形成条件等共性规律,同时提出了任一边坡能否发展成为锁固型滑坡的预判方法。本文研究成果是锁固型滑坡进一步进行失稳破坏类型预分析、稳定性评价及失稳滑动预报等共性规律的认识和实施防灾减灾措施的前提,具有较好的科学意义和防灾减灾指导价值。     

Moisture–temperature changes and freeze–thaw hazards on a canal in seasonally frozen regions

Freeze–thaw action is a complex moisture–heat-mechanics interaction process, which has caused prevailing and severe damages to canals in seasonally frozen regions. Up to now, the detailed frost damage mechanism has not been well disclosed. To explore the freeze–thaw damage mechanism of the canal in cold regions, a numerical moisture–heat-mechanics model is established and corresponding computer program is written. Then, a representative canal in the northeast of China is taken as an example to simulate the freeze–thaw damage process. Meanwhile, the robustness of the numerical model and program is tested by some in situ data. Lastly, the numerical results show that there are dramatic water migration and redistribution in the seasonal freeze–thaw variation layer, causing repetitive frost heave and thaw settlement, and tension–compression stresses. Therefore, the strengths of soil are reduced after several freeze–thaw cycles. Further, the heavy denudation damage and downslope movement of the canal slope would be quite likely triggered in seasonally frozen regions. These zones should be monitored closely to ensure safe operation. As a preliminary study, the numerical model and results in this paper may be a reference for design, maintenance, and research on other canals in seasonally frozen regions.     

Mapping joint hurricane wind and surge hazards for Charleston,South Carolina

Combined effects of hurricane wind and surge can pose significant threats to coastal cities. Although current design codes consider the joint occurrence of wind and surge, information on site-specific joint distributions of hurricane wind and surge along the US Coast is still sparse and limited. In this study, joint hazard maps for combined hurricane wind and surge for Charleston, South Carolina (SC), were developed. A stochastic Markov chain hurricane simulation program was utilized to generate 50,000 years of full-track hurricane events. The surface wind speeds and surge heights from individual hurricanes were computed using the Georgiou’s wind field model and the Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model, respectively. To validate the accuracy of the SLOSH model, the simulated surge levels were compared to the surge levels calculated by another state-of-the-art storm surge model, ADCIRC (Advanced Circulation), and the actual observed water elevations from historical hurricane events. Good agreements were found between the simulated and observed water elevations. The model surface wind speeds were also compared with the design wind speeds in ASCE 7-10 and were found to agree well with the design values. Using the peak wind speeds and maximum surge heights, the joint hazard surfaces and the joint hazard maps for Charleston, SC, were developed. As part of this study, an interactive computer program, which can be used to obtain the joint wind speed and surge height distributions for any location in terms of latitude and longitude in Charleston area, was created. These joint hazard surfaces and hazard maps can be used in a multi-hazard design or risk assessment framework to consider the combined effects of hurricane wind and surge.     

Shear Strength and Dilatancy of Calcareous Sand in the South China Sea

The shear strength and dilatancy of typical uncemented calcareous sand from the South China Sea are investigated by soil lab tests. According to drained triaxial tests at various relative densities and confining stresses, it is found that the constant volume friction angle is approximated as 39° and the traditional Bolton’s equations can be modified to estimate the peak friction angle and dilation angle. The reliability of the equation proposed for the peak friction angle is verified in terms of calcareous sands from more onshore and offshore sites worldwide, while the errors of the predicted dilation angles scatter in a relatively large range. Totally, the dilation angles of sands in the South China Sea are estimated by the equation presented with an error of ±30%. The peak friction angle measured by the undrained is similar to that by the drained tests as the relative density smaller than 60%, while the former is slightly lower for denser samples.