东秦岭松树沟蛇绿岩的形成环境探讨

东秦岭松树沟蛇绿岩是秦岭造山带中出露于变质基底岩系之上的、形成于中元古代晚期（１０００～１２５０Ｍａ）的异地蛇绿岩构造岩片，与周围变质地层里构造接触关系，为一自南而北的逆冲推覆岩片，于９８３Ｍａ±发生构造侵位及变质作用。蛇绿岩主要由超镁铁岩和镁铁岩两个单元组成，变质橄榄岩（纯橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩）具地幔残余成因，ΣＲＥＥ低，ＲＥＥ特征为ＬＲＥＥ富集、ＨＲＥＥ近平坦型式。变质基性火山岩的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征显示以Ｔ－ＭＯＲＢ为主，兼具有ＯＩＢ特征，形成于小洋盆构造环境，于晋宁期北秦岭活动大陆边缘的俯冲－碰撞过程中发生变形变质并侵位于陆壳当中。     

Risk assessment of precipitation extremes in northern Xinjiang,China

This study was conducted using daily precipitation records gathered at 37 meteorological stations in northern Xinjiang, China, from 1961 to 2010. We used the extreme value theory model, generalized extreme value (GEV) and generalized Pareto distribution (GPD), statistical distribution function to fit outputs of precipitation extremes with different return periods to estimate risks of precipitation extremes and diagnose aridity–humidity environmental variation and corresponding spatial patterns in northern Xinjiang. Spatiotemporal patterns of daily maximum precipitation showed that aridity–humidity conditions of northern Xinjiang could be well represented by the return periods of the precipitation data. Indices of daily maximum precipitation were effective in the prediction of floods in the study area. By analyzing future projections of daily maximum precipitation (2, 5, 10, 30, 50, and 100 years), we conclude that the flood risk will gradually increase in northern Xinjiang. GEV extreme value modeling yielded the best results, proving to be extremely valuable. Through example analysis for extreme precipitation models, the GEV statistical model was superior in terms of favorable analog extreme precipitation. The GPD model calculation results reflect annual precipitation. For most of the estimated sites’ 2 and 5-year T for precipitation levels, GPD results were slightly greater than GEV results. The study found that extreme precipitation reaching a certain limit value level will cause a flood disaster. Therefore, predicting future extreme precipitation may aid warnings of flood disaster. A suitable policy concerning effective water resource management is thus urgently required.     

基于精细资料的宁夏春季干旱特征分析

本文利用多种地面精细观测资料,统计分析得到近55a宁夏春季干旱的精细化空间分布和多时间尺度变化特征。结果表明:在采用了更为精细的观测资料后,宁夏春季干旱的分布显得更为不均,呈中部多发南北少发的分布特征而干旱平均强度却呈中部弱南北强的分布特征;最大春季干旱强度分布呈明显的多极性分布。在宁夏5地市中,吴忠市、银川市、中卫市3市较易发生干旱。宁夏春季干旱发生次数基本呈逐年增加的趋势,但平均强度呈逐年减弱的趋势;年代际发生次数的增加趋势更加明显;在20世纪80年代前后存在1次突变。春季干旱强度具有较为稳定的气候态,3、5月易出现大范围轻旱以上的干旱过程;3月上旬、5月上旬、5月下旬较易出现重旱级别的干旱过程。500hPa大陆高压脊与大气环流的变化是造成西北地区春季干旱强弱分布的主要原因之一。     

Characterization of landscape pattern based on land economic niche change: A case study in Ganzhou,Gansu Province,China

Land use change has a profound impact on biodiversity and ecological processes, and is closely related to changes in landscape patterns. This paper introduces the theory and method of land economic niche into landscape ecology, which provides a new method for spatial characterization of urban and rural spatial landscape patterns. Based on this theory, this paper analyzes the landscape pattern of Ganzhou District by using Landsat images as data source in 1995, 2000, 2005,2010 and 2015. We calculated the land economic niche by applying the niche potential theory. Combined with the theory of landscape ecology, we explored the effects of the land economic niche change on the landscape pattern at a county scale.The results show that economic niche of construction land, watershed and farmland increased during 1995–2015, and grassland declined significantly. The economic niche of farmland, construction land, watershed and grassland show a negative correlation with the number of patches(NP), fragmentation index(FN) and the fractal dimension index(FD), and had a positive correlation with the aggregation index(AI). There was no significant correlation between the forest land economic niche and landscape metrics. The change of land economic niche has a driving effect on the landscape pattern of the county, which can represent the economic development direction of Ganzhou District. The land economic niche is closely related to the landscape type which can directly obtain an economic benefit.     

碳酸盐岩中烃类包裹体的人工合成实验研究

运用Sterner和Bodnar在1984年提出的愈合裂隙的实验技术,利用冰洲石作为主矿物,进行了烃类包襄体的合成实验研究。并将实验产物磨制成双面抛光的薄片,在普通光学显微镜和荧光显微镜下对合成的包裹体进行了岩相学观察。结果表明本次研究在冰洲石中成功地合成了含液态烃类的包裹体,这也是国内外首次在碳酸盐岩矿物中成功合成的烃类包裹体,它为研究碳酸盐岩中油气藏的形成机理提供了一种新的手段,也为正确理解和解释自然界碳酸盐岩油气藏中烃类包裹体的资料提供了重要的参考。     

原位低温拉曼光谱技术在人工合成CaCl_2-H_2O和MgCl_2-H_2O体系流体包裹体分析中的应用Ⅰ:低温拉曼光谱研究

利用原位低温拉曼光谱分析技术,对在设定的实验条件下合成的CaCl2-H2O体系和MgCl2-H2O体系的流体包裹体进行分析研究,结果表明低温下CaCl2水溶液和MgCl2水溶液形成的盐水合物具有各自不同的特征拉曼光谱,通过测定特征光谱,能够简易直接的鉴定这些物质,进而确定盐水体系包裹体的成分.因此,原位低温拉曼光谱技术,能够有效地测定Ca2+和Mg2+这两种盐水体系包裹体流体中常见,但显微测温过程难以观察和判别的二价阳离子.实践表明,原位低温拉曼光谱分析技术是对传统的流体包裹体显微测温技术的一个十分有效的补充,在包裹体研究领域会得到越来越广泛的应用.     

Experimental research on the influence of two cultivation practices on rainfall runoff- and （sandy and muddy） sediment-generating processes in purple soil environment

Rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the soil erosion process of purple soil in two cultivation practices---contour cultivation and downslope cultivation. Results showed that under the two cultivation practices, the surface runoff can be described by the logarithmic function formula. In the initial period of rainfall, the amount of runoff increased with the rainfall duration and 20 minutes later it became relatively constant. The changing process of soil erosion rate may be described by the logarithmic function formula. The erosion rate increased with the rainfall duration and 20 minutes later it also became constant. Under downslope cultivation condition, the soil erosion rate increased more significantly than that under contour cultivation condition in the case of gentle rainfall intensity, and there is no obvious difference in erosion rate for downslope cultivation and contour cultivation practices. However, with increasing rainfall intensity the soil erosion rate under the downslope cultivation condition could be more than 30 times that under the contour cultivation condition. But this kind of difference would be reduced to some extent in the case of heavy rain.     

Real-time kinematic positioning of LEO satellites using a single-frequency GPS receiver

Due to their low cost and low power consumption, single-frequency GPS receivers are considered suitable for low-cost space applications such as small satellite missions. Recently, requirements have emerged for real-time accurate orbit determination at sub-meter level in order to carry out onboard geocoding of high-resolution imagery, open-loop operation of altimeters and radio occultation. This study proposes an improved real-time kinematic positioning method for LEO satellites using single-frequency receivers. The C/A code and L1 phase are combined to eliminate ionospheric effects. The epoch-differenced carrier phase measurements are utilized to acquire receiver position changes which are further used to smooth the absolute positions. A kinematic Kalman filter is developed to implement kinematic orbit determination. Actual flight data from China’s small satellite SJ-9A are used to test the navigation performance. Results show that the proposed method outperforms traditional kinematic positioning method in terms of accuracy. A 3D position accuracy of 0.72 and 0.79 m has been achieved using the predicted portion of IGS ultra-rapid products and broadcast ephemerides, respectively.     

气体地球化学方法在震后趋势判断中的应用

初步讨论了气体地球化学方法在顺义4.5级地震震后趋势判断中的应用。研究表明，震中区土壤Hg释放量快速衰减；延庆龙庆峡水库翻花冒气异常释放的主要气体CH4来源于生物成因，而非地震前兆异常。据此认为顺义地震之后，首都圈构造活动水平没有增强的趋势，并于1996年12月27日提出未来15天内首都圈发生Ms≥5.0地震的可能性很小的预测意见。     

中国西北地区蒸发散量计算的遥感研究

自然陆面区域蒸发散的教育处是一个复杂的问题，在利用遥感资料求取地表特征参数的基础上，首先建立了2种极端条件下（裸露地表和全植被覆盖）的裸土蒸发和全植被覆盖蒸散计算模型，然后结合植被覆盖度给出非均匀陆面条件下的区域蒸发散计算方法，实测资料验算表明该模型具有较高的计算精度，最后利用该模型对我国西北5省区的蒸发散量进行了计算，并对该研究区蒸发散的特点进行了分析。