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11.
12.
A primitive equation model is used to investigate the warm pool equilibrium of the tropical Pacific ocean. Attention is focused
on the upper ocean. The oceanic response is described using an isothermal approach applied to warm waters contained in the
TOGA-COARE domain. The heat balance shows that all the terms, atmospheric surface fluxes, advection and diffusion, operate
in the heat bugdet with different time scales. Over long periods, diffusive heat fluxes transfer heat received from the atmosphere
out of the warm pool trough the top of the main thermocline. Over short periods, the impact of westerly wind bursts modifies
this balance: atmospheric heating is reversed, diffusion is enhanced and advective heat transports out of the warm pool operate
through zonal and vertical contributions. We were able to relate the two latter processes to zonal jets and Ekman pumping,
respectively. Conversely, the meridional contribution always represents a source of heat, mainly due to the tropical wind
convergence. The modelling results clearly show that except during strong wind events, entrainment cooling is not an important
component of the budget. The inability to remove heat is due to the salt stratification which needs to be first reduced or
even destroyed by westerly wind bursts to activate heat entrainment into deeper layers. Finally, we suggest that the near
zero estimate for the surface heat flux entering the warm pool may be extended to longer periods including seaosnal to interannual
time scale.
Received: 16 December 1996 / Accepted: 8 July 1997 相似文献
13.
Pascale Jablonka Javier Gorgas Paul Goudfrooij 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2002,281(1-2):367-370
We present a few results of a work in progress tackling the radial spectroscopic properties of bulges of spiral galaxies.
This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Joanna K. Barstow Neil E. Bowles Suzanne Aigrain Leigh N. Fletcher Patrick G. J. Irwin Ryan Varley Enzo Pascale 《Experimental Astronomy》2015,40(2-3):545-561
We demonstrate the effectiveness of the Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory mission concept for constraining the atmospheric properties of hot and warm gas giants and super Earths. Synthetic primary and secondary transit spectra for a range of planets are passed through EChOSim [13] to obtain the expected level of noise for different observational scenarios; these are then used as inputs for the NEMESIS atmospheric retrieval code and the retrieved atmospheric properties (temperature structure, composition and cloud properties) compared with the known input values, following the method of [1]. To correctly retrieve the temperature structure and composition of the atmosphere to within 2 σ, we find that we require: a single transit or eclipse of a hot Jupiter orbiting a sun-like (G2) star at 35 pc to constrain the terminator and dayside atmospheres; 20 transits or eclipses of a warm Jupiter orbiting a similar star; 10 transits/eclipses of a hot Neptune orbiting an M dwarf at 6 pc; and 30 transits or eclipses of a GJ1214b-like planet. 相似文献
15.
J. C. Morales J.-P. Beaulieu V. Coudé du Foresto M. Ollivier I. Ortega Castello R. Clédassou J. Jaubert P. Van-Troostenberghe R. Varley I. P. Waldmann E. Pascale M. Tessenyi 《Experimental Astronomy》2015,40(2-3):655-670
The Exoplanet Characterization Observatory (EChO) is a concept of a dedicated space telescope optimized for low-resolution transit and occultation spectroscopy to study the exoplanet diversity through the composition of their atmospheres. The scope of this paper is to answer the following question: Can we schedule a nominal EChO mission, with targets known today (in mid 2013), given the science requirements, realistic performances and operational constraints? We examine this issue from the point of view of duration of the mission and the scheduling restrictions with a sample of exoplanet systems known nowadays. We choose different scheduling algorithms taking into account the science and operational constraints and we verified that it is fairly straightforward to schedule a mission scenario over the lifetime of EChO compliant with the science requirements. We identified agility as a critical constraint that reduces significantly the efficiency of the survey. We conclude that even with known targets today the EChO science objectives can be reached in the 4.5 years duration of the mission. We also show that it is possible to use gaps between exoplanet observations, to fit the required calibration observations, data downlinks and station keeping operations or even to observe more exoplanet targets to be discovered in the coming years. 相似文献
16.
E. Pascale I. P. Waldmann C. J. MacTavish A. Papageorgiou A. Amaral-Rogers R. Varley V. Coudé du Foresto M. J. Griffin M. Ollivier S. Sarkar L. Spencer B. M. Swinyard M. Tessenyi G. Tinetti 《Experimental Astronomy》2015,40(2-3):601-619
EChOSim is the end-to-end time-domain simulator of the Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory (EChO) space mission. EChOSim has been developed to assess the capability of the EChO mission concept to detect and characterise the atmospheres of transiting exoplanets. Here we discuss the details of the EChOSim implementation and describe the models used to represent the instrument and to simulate the detection. Software simulators have assumed a central role in the design of new instrumentation and in assessing the level of systematics affecting the measurements of existing experiments. Thanks to its high modularity, EChOSim can simulate basic aspects of several existing and proposed spectrometers including instruments on the Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer, ground-based and balloon-borne experiments. A discussion of different uses of EChOSim is given, including examples of simulations performed to assess the EChO mission. 相似文献
17.
Role of the southern Indian Ocean in the transitions of the monsoon-ENSO system during recent decades 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The focus of this study is to document the possible role of the southern subtropical Indian Ocean in the transitions of the monsoon-ENSO system during recent decades. Composite analyses of sea surface temperature (SST) fields prior to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian summer monsoon (ISM), Australian summer monsoon (AUSM), tropical Indian Ocean dipole (TIOD) and Maritime Continent rainfall (MCR) indices reveal the southeast Indian Ocean (SEIO) SSTs during late boreal winter as the unique common SST precursor of these various phenomena after the 1976–1977 regime shift. Weak (strong) ISMs and AUSMs, El Niños (La Niñas) and positive (negative) TIOD events are preceded by significant negative (positive) SST anomalies in the SEIO, off Australia during boreal winter. These SST anomalies are mainly linked to subtropical Indian Ocean dipole events, recently studied by Behera and Yamagata (Geophys Res Lett 28:327–330, 2001). A wavelet analysis of a February–March SEIO SST time series shows significant spectral peaks at 2 and 4–8 years time scales as for ENSO, ISM or AUSM indices. A composite analysis with respect to February–March SEIO SSTs shows that cold (warm) SEIO SST anomalies are highly persistent and affect the westward translation of the Mascarene high from austral to boreal summer, inducing a weakening (strengthening) of the whole ISM circulation through a modulation of the local Hadley cell during late boreal summer. At the same time, these subtropical SST anomalies and the associated SEIO anomalous anticyclone may be a trigger for both the wind-evaporation-SST and wind-thermocline-SST positive feedbacks between Australia and Sumatra during boreal spring and early summer. These positive feedbacks explain the extraordinary persistence of the SEIO anomalous anticyclone from boreal spring to fall. Meanwhile, the SEIO anomalous anticyclone favors persistent southeasterly wind anomalies along the west coast of Sumatra and westerly wind anomalies over the western Pacific, which are well-known key factors for the evolution of positive TIOD and El Niño events, respectively. A correlation analysis supports these results and shows that SEIO SSTs in February–March has higher predictive skill than other well-established ENSO predictors for forecasting Niño3.4 SST at the end of the year. This suggests again that SEIO SST anomalies exert a fundamental influence on the transitions of the whole monsoon-ENSO system during recent decades. 相似文献
18.
Matthieu?LengaigneEmail author Eric?Guilyardi Jean-Philippe?Boulanger Christophe?Menkes Pascale?Delecluse Pete?Inness Jeff?Cole Julia?Slingo 《Climate Dynamics》2004,23(6):601-620
Two ten-members ensemble experiments using a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model are performed to study the dynamical response to a strong westerly wind event (WWE) when the tropical Pacific has initial conditions favourable to the development of a warm event. In the reference ensemble (CREF), no wind perturbation is introduced, whereas a strong westerly wind event anomaly is introduced in boreal winter over the western Pacific in the perturbed ensemble (CWWE). Our results demonstrate that an intense WWE is capable of establishing the conditions under which a strong El Niño event can occur. First, it generates a strong downwelling Kelvin wave that generates a positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the central-eastern Pacific amplified through a coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction. This anomaly can be as large as 2.5°C 60 days after the WWE. Secondly, this WWE also initiates an eastward displacement of the warm-pool that promotes the occurrence of subsequent WWEs in the following months. These events reinforce the initial warming through the generation of additional Kelvin waves and generate intense surface jets at the eastern edge of the warm-pool that act to further shift warm waters eastward. The use of a ten-members ensemble however reveals substantial differences in the coupled response to a WWE. Whereas four members of CWWE ensemble develop into intense El Niño warming as described above, four others display a moderate warming and two remains in neutral conditions. This diversity between the members appears to be due to the internal atmospheric variability during and following the inserted WWE. In the four moderate warm cases, the warm-pool is initially shifted eastward following the inserted WWE, but the subsequent weak WWE activity (when compared to the strong warming cases) prevents to further shift the warm-pool eastwards. The seasonal strengthening of trade winds in June–July can therefore act to shift warm waters back into the western Pacific, reducing the central-eastern Pacific warming. This strong sensitivity of the coupled response to WWEs may therefore limit the predictability of El Niño events, as the high frequency wind variability over the warm pool region remains largely unpredictable even at short time lead. 相似文献
19.
Christian Défarge Pascale Gautret Joachim Reitner Jean Trichet 《Sedimentary Geology》2009,213(3-4):152-155
The paper by Perry et al. (2007, Defining biominerals and organominerals: Direct and indirect indicators of life, Sedimentary Geology, 201, 157–179) proposes to introduce “the new term ‘organomineral’” to describe mineral products whose formation is induced by by-products of biological activity, dead and decaying organisms, or nonbiological organic compounds, to be distinguished from the biomineral components of living organisms. The substantive ‘organomineral’, however, is not new: it was first introduced in 1993, with basically the same definition and distinction from biominerals, at the 7th International Symposium on Biomineralization (Défarge and Trichet, 1995, From biominerals to ‘organominerals’: The example of the modern lacustrine calcareous stromatolites from Polynesian atolls, Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique de Monaco, n° spéc. 14, vol. 2, pp. 265–271). Thereafter, more than twenty-five papers by various authors have been devoted to organominerals and organomineral formation (‘organomineralization’) processes. Only two of these papers are cited by Perry et al., and without any reference to the definitions, or even the terms ‘organomineral’ or ‘organomineralization’, which they included. Moreover, Perry et al. tend to enlarge the original concept of organomineral to encompass all minerals containing organic matter, whether these organic compounds are active or passive in the mineralization, which introduces ambiguities detrimental to a fine understanding of present and past geobiological processes. Finally, Perry et al. propose to consider organominerals as indirect biosignatures that could be used in the search for evidence of life in the geological record and extraterrestrial bodies. This latter proposition also is problematical, in that organominerals may be formed in association with prebiotic or abiotic organic matter. 相似文献
20.
Yves Noel Raffaella Demichelis Fabien Pascale Piero Ugliengo Roberto Orlando Roberto Dovesi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(1):47-59
The structure and vibrational spectrum of boehmite have been investigated at the quantum-mechanical level with the CRYSTAL
code, using a Gaussian-type basis set and the B3LYP Hamiltonian. Three space groups are considered in this study: Cmcm, Cmc21, P21/c. Cmcm turns out to correspond to a transition state, whereas Cmc21 and P21/c are minimum energy structures. The difference among them is the position of H atoms only, the Al-O frame being essentially
the same. Harmonic frequencies at the Γ point have been computed. The comparison between calculated and experimental frequencies
shows a good agreement for the Al-O part of the spectrum (under 790 cm−1). For the Al-OH bending modes (800–1,300 cm−1) an absolute differences of 50–100 cm−1 is observed; for the OH stretching modes (3,200–3,500 cm−1) it increases to 120–200 cm−1: anharmonicity is large because OH groups are involved in strong hydrogen bonds. 相似文献